Nitrosamines Extraction from Frankfurter Sausages by using Superheated Water

An efficient, rapid, and inexpensive method for extraction and clean-up of some selected volatile nitrosamines from frankfurter sausages was developed by using superheated water coupled with solid-phase extraction. Because a coextraction of lipid caused a serious problem during the extraction, a subsequent clean-up step using fat-selective Florisil adsorbent with 60% diethyl ether-dichloromethane was then necessary. Various factors affecting superheated water extraction, such as flow rate, extraction temperature, dynamic time, and static time were optimized by using a full factorial design with three replicates. The optimal extraction temperature was 140°C with dynamic and static time of 10 and 5 min, respectively, and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Separation and quantification of nitrosamines were carried out using GC-FID and GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode. Direct application of this method to frankfurter samples allowed overall recoveries of N-nitrosamines in the range of 81-106% with < 10% RSD, and the detection limit of the coupling method ranged between 0.47-1.48 ng nitrosamines injected.     

槲皮素-聚乙二醇固体分散体对亚硝化反应的抑制作用

以槐米为原料制备槲皮素。为改善槲皮素的水溶性,以聚乙二醇为载体,采用熔融法将其制成槲皮素-聚乙二醇固体分散体,使其在水中的溶解度由11．8mg／L提高到80．2mg／L。在模拟人体胃液的条件下,考察该分散体对亚硝化反应的抑制作用。结果表明,槲皮素-聚乙二醇固体分散体对亚硝化反应具有较强的抑制作用,其对亚硝胺合成的最大阻断率达91.3％,对亚硝酸钠的最大清除率为86．1％。     

复配天然果汁清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺效果的研究

利用直接榨汁法提取含有天然活性成分的葡萄、黄柠檬、青柠檬、石榴、菠萝、木瓜等天然产物的果蔬汁液,用所得到的提取液在不同质量分数下进行清除亚硝酸盐的体外试验,筛选出清除效果最好的黄柠檬、菠萝、木瓜3种水果并以不同比例进行复配,根据清除率确定最佳复配比;将上述试验筛选出的黄柠檬、菠萝、木瓜3种水果进行阻断亚硝胺合成的体外试验,并以不同比例进行复配,根据阻断率确定最佳复配比。结果显示:1.0%黄柠檬提取液质量分数、1.0%菠萝提取液质量分数、0.8%木瓜提取液质量分数混合时对亚硝酸盐清除效果最好,清除率为79.5%,有理想的清除效果;12%黄柠檬提取液质量分数、8%菠萝提取液质量分数、10%木瓜提取液质量分数混合时对亚硝胺阻断效果最好,阻断率为51.1%,对亚硝胺有较为理想的阻断效果。     

不同培养介质中N-二甲基亚硝胺对干酪乳杆菌生长影响

目前研究已证实乳酸菌可降低食品中N-二甲基亚硝胺（NDMA）的含量,减小其对人体消化道的毒性作用。但乳酸菌抑制NDMA毒性作用的同时,NDMA对其生长影响鲜见相关报道。该研究选用具有潜在益生功能的干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）SB27,分析其胃肠液耐受性及黏附性能,并检测不同培养介质中NDMA对干酪乳杆菌SB27生长的影响。结果表明,干酪乳杆菌SB27可耐受胃肠液的消化,具有良好的黏附性能,且在MRS培养基、低氮源MRS培养基和磷酸盐缓冲液中,NDMA对菌株SB27生长均无显著影响。该研究为进一步研究干酪乳杆菌SB27降解NDMA作用奠定了理论基础。     

火绒草提取物抗氧化活性的研究

测定火绒草水提物和醇提物中多酚及总黄酮含量,证实水提物和醇提物中含有以黄酮类为主要成分的多酚类物质。通过测定火绒草提取物的总还原力,超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)、羟自由基(·OH)清除能力、脂质过氧化抑制作用、清除亚硝酸盐自由基和亚硝胺阻断率,表明火绒草水提物和醇提物具有较强的还原性和清除·OH 和O2·的活性,且醇提物的作用比水提物更有效;对脂质过氧化的抑制率达到60% 以上。火绒草提取物具有较强的清除亚硝酸钠和阻断亚硝胺合成的能力,水提物对亚硝酸盐最大清除率为77.7%,醇提物对亚硝胺合成的阻断率98.0%。     

几种添加物复配阻断香肠中亚硝胺生成的效果研究

以猪肉香肠为研究对象,研究桂皮、洋葱和茶多酚复配对阻断产品中N-亚硝胺生成的效果。实验结果表明:茶多酚对猪肉发酵香肠中亚硝胺残留量的影响最大,茶多酚、洋葱和桂皮三种物质复配能有效地抑制N-亚硝胺的生成,其最佳配比为(加入量以肉重计):茶多酚含量为0.029%,洋葱汁为3.5%,6%桂皮浸体液含量为5.4%,此时产品中亚硝胺的含量为6.8μg/kg。     

核桃体外清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成的研究

对核桃体外清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成进行了研究,结果表明:在体外模拟胃液(pH3.0、37℃)的条件下,1%核桃汁对亚硝酸盐的清除率和对亚硝胺合成的阻断率分别为14.72%和63.11%。核桃清除亚硝酸盐的效果虽不及绿茶和大蒜,但核桃具有良好的抑制亚硝化效果,其对亚硝胺合成的阻断率接近大蒜,较绿茶高。核桃对亚硝酸盐的清除率和对亚硝胺合成的阻断率随pH不同而异,其中核桃对亚硝酸盐的清除率在胃液环境pH3.0中最高。核桃对亚硝酸的清除率和对亚硝胺合成的阻断率与温度、核桃汁浓度均呈正相关。核桃对亚硝酸盐的清除率随时间变化很小;对亚硝胺合成的阻断率随时间推移逐渐增加,1%核桃汁在30min时对亚硝胺合成的阻断率高达55.85%。     

烟叶及卷烟烟气中N—亚硝胺的测定方法

本文介绍了烟草及烟气中特有Ｎ－亚硝胺的分析方法。     

Influence of Various Cooking Methods on the Concentrations of Volatile N‐Nitrosamines and Biogenic Amines in Dry‐Cured Sausages

Abstract: N‐nitrosamines, biogenic amines, and residual nitrites are harmful substances and are often present in cured meats. The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, pan‐frying, deep‐frying, and microwave) were investigated on their contents in dry‐cured sausage. The various N‐nitrosamines were isolated by a steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The biogenic amines were determined after extraction with perchloric acid as dansyl derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results showed that initial dry‐cured raw sausage contained 5.31 μg/kg of total N‐nitrosamines. Cooking by deep‐frying or pan‐frying resulted in products having the highest (P < 0.05) contents, compared with boiling or microwave treatments, which were not different from the raw. Although frying increased the content of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), it decreased the contents of histamine and cadaverine. Boiling and microwave treatments decreased the total biogenic amines significantly (P < 0.05). Residual nitrite was significantly reduced by cooking treatments. The results suggest that boiling and microwave treatments were more suitable methods for cured meat. Practical Application: N‐nitrosamines and biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to humans and often present in dry‐cured sausage. Different cooking methods may effect the content of these harmful substances. However, little information exists on the different cooking methods on dry‐cured meats.     

In vitro skin permeation evaluation: the only realistic option

Increasing requirements for cruelty-free risk assessment in the cosmetic industry have led to the development of several alternative experimental evaluation strategies. Quantification of the potential dermal absorption of ingredients of cosmetic and other formulations by determination of human skin permeation rates in vitro is particularly relevant. Using modifications of standard in vitro protocols the human skin permeation rates of several cosmetic ingredients and potential contaminants have been determined under conditions designed to mimic consumer use. Skin penetration and permeation of octyl salicylate (a sunscreen), nonylphenol ethoxylates (surfactants) and three nitrosamines (potential contaminants) is discussed. The data demonstrate the usefulness of this technique as a tool in the overall risk assessment of cosmetic formulations.