Electrical conductivity changes of bulk tin and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu in bulk and in joints during isothermal aging

The changes of electrical conductivity(resistance) between Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joints and printed circuit board(PCB) assembly during aging at 125℃were investigated by the four-point probe technique.The microstructural characterizations of interfacial layers between the solder matrix and the substrate were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy.Different types of specimens were designed to consider several factors.The experimental results indicate that electrical conductivitie...     

集装箱板冷弯裂纹形成分析

针对广州珠江钢铁公司生产的厚规格集装箱板易在外弧面出现微裂纹的现象,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对其大量冷弯裂纹试样进行了观察和分析。结果表明,冷弯裂纹试样主要存在以下3种缺陷：距表层10～30μm处的皮下微裂纹、皮下链状夹杂物和表层氧化层与基体结合部位的残余元素（Cu、Ni、As）偏析,其中以皮下微裂纹缺陷的几率居多。     

Tensile strength of plasma-sprayed alumina and/or zirconia coatings on titanium

The heat treatment effect on the characteristics and tensile strength of plasma-sprayed alumina, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and mixtures of alumina and YSZ coatings on titanium was investigated. The as-sprayed structures of alumina and YSZ coatings consists of a and y alumina phases, and cubic and tetragonal zirconia phases, respectively. The tensile strength of the coatings containing a large amount of YSZ is increased from 25 to 50 MPa by heat treatment at 800 °C. The 60% YSZ-AI₂O₃ coating showed the highest tensile strength. The tensile strength increase of the YSZ-containing coating by heat treatment is caused by formation of 10 to 100 nm wide microcracks. The interface adhesion strength between the heat-treated titanium substrate and the alumina-containing coating is increased by chemical reaction at the in-terface. Thus, a heat-treated alumina and zirconia mixture coating may be favorable in obtaining high tensile strength due to microcrack formation in the coating and the chemical reaction at the interface. During this work, S. Baba was a graduate student at Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sumitomo Metal Ind. Ltd., Osaka, Japan.     

不同应力状态下铝合金变形及损伤机理的研究

利用改装的Arcan夹具对铝合金（6063）的蝶形试样进行0°，30°，45°，60°，90°的拉伸及拉伸卸载试验，研究了铝合金在不同应力状态下变形及损伤机理。结果表明：铝合金在不同应力状态下的工程应力一应变曲线明显不同。0°加载时，在蝶形中心产生微孔洞，微孔洞之间剪切，从而产生了微裂纹。随着微裂纹的扩展、连接导致试样断裂。随着试样中三轴应力度的减小，在蝶形试样中心的剪切应力不断增大，同时在蝶形试样中的剪切变形带越来越集中。显微裂纹首先在剪切带中产生，随着微裂纹的扩展导致试样的断裂。90°拉伸时，在蝶形中心形成明显的剪切变形带。90°加载时，在试样中产生的剪切带是形变剪切带而非相变剪切带。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对不同角度拉伸试验进行模拟，从而得出了不同应力状态下的塑性区的形状和大小。     

Numerical and experimental investigation of the mesoscale fracture behaviour of quenched steels

During heat treatment processes, especially during quenching, cracks may form because of the presence of high thermal and mechanical stresses and strains. Notwithstanding the fact that increasingly detailed modelling for heat treatment is being performed (considering, i.a., grain size, creep and transformation plasticity), homogeneous microstructures are still normally assumed. Chemical and hence structural inhomogeneities are not commonly explicitly considered, which is especially accentuated in the case of real parts simulation because of the resulting numerical problem's size. Intensive quenching on a cylindrical specimen of 100Cr6 (SAE) steel is proposed here to experimentally investigate the microcrack generation. A finite element based model is proposed to numerically evaluate the fracture behaviour in a two‐step simulation. First, by solving the quenching problem in direct correspondance with the experimental test performed, and second, by studying the mesoscale response taking into account the influence of second phase particles in a representative volume element based approach. The maximum principal stress criterion is used to trigger the fracture by means of the extended finite element method at the mesoscale. The trend to form cracks in the surface region, experimentally observed, has been well captured by the model. The influence of carbides sizes and content on the mesoscale fracture response has been numerically analysed as well. A good agreement has been reached between the simulations and the experimental results, exhibiting the potential of the introduced approach to be used as a failure prediction methodology.     

On the elasticT-term of a main crack induced by near tip microcracks

In the expansion form of the stress field near a crack tip, the nonsingular and constant stress acting parallel to the crack plane is called the elasticT-term, which is very important in fracture analysis. The elasticT-term of a main crack induced by near tip microcracks is analyzed. The original problem considered consists of a main crack accompanied by near tip microcracks, which are loaded remotely by the first three terms of the crack tip stress field expansion parameterized by stress intensity factorsK _I ,K _II , and the nonsingular stress, i.e., theT-term,. With the principle of superposition, the problem can be reduced to a system of Fredholm integral equations which can be solved numerically. After obtaining the solution, the induced elasticT-term is evaluated. Several typical numerical examples are given and the results are shown in Figures, from which some useful discussion and conclusions are obtained.     

45Mn钢件表面电镀霉斑的形成原因分析

针对45Mn钢件表面电镀出现的霉斑现象,分析了钢板的化学成分、原始组织及表面质量。结果表明,钢的化学成分和微观组织未见异常,满足标准要求,但钢板表面粗糙、氧化脱碳严重,形成微裂纹是电镀不合格的主要原因。通过优化生产工艺,提高表面质量,可以避免电镀霉斑的形成。     

60Si2Mn弹簧钢的断裂失效分析

60Si2Mn弹簧钢在正常服役过程中出现断裂,断裂后部分原件损失,根据材料力学原理,并结合断口特征,确定断裂起源位置;采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、体视显微镜、直读光谱仪等对残留端口的显微组织、宏微观断口形貌和化学成分等进行观察和检测分析,以确定断口起源和断口特征。结果表明:由于生产过程操作不当,弹簧表面存在微裂纹,同时由于喷丸处理的工艺不恰当,造成弹簧表面形成较深的应力线,应力线发展成为沿应力线的开裂和脱落。这些微裂纹、开裂以及脱落,作为弹簧的疲劳断裂源,造成了弹簧的断裂。     

成膜温度对AZ80镁合金磷酸盐转化膜微裂纹形成及耐蚀性的影响

目的通过不同成膜温度下转化膜上的微裂纹宽度和面积的统计以及电化学测试,研究成膜温度对镁合金磷酸盐转化膜微裂纹形成及耐蚀性的影响。方法采用扫描电子显微镜观察不同成膜温度所得转化膜的微裂纹形貌,使用Image-pro-plus软件测量转化膜的微裂纹宽度和面积。采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗研究转化膜的耐蚀性。结果微裂纹统计结果表明,成膜温度为50℃时,所得转化膜的微裂纹宽度和面积最小,分别为2.68μm和1067μm2;而30℃所得的转化膜的微裂纹宽度和面积最大,分别为3.14μm和1391μm2;70℃所得的转化膜的微裂纹宽度和面积分别为2.74μm和1170μm2。电化学测试表明,成膜温度为50℃时,转化膜的自腐蚀电流最小,Jcorr=20.3μA/cm2,且交流阻抗图谱中的容抗弧半径最大。结论随着成膜温度的升高,转化膜中的微裂纹变窄并减少,但温度更高时,转化膜上的微裂纹略有变宽增多。当成膜温度为50℃时,转化膜上的微裂纹较少且窄,转化膜的耐蚀性最好。     

抗热冲击性陶瓷

对材料进行急热急冷处理所施加的温度变化—热冲击导致材料的表面与内部产生温度梯度(温差)。高温部分与低温部分之间因热膨胀量不等而产生应力—热应力,当热应力达到或超越材料的破坏应力(强度)时,材料发生破坏—热冲击破坏。陶瓷材料机械性质中表现最复杂举动的热冲击性不仅与材料本身性质不关,特别是热膨胀系数,还与其它条件,如热传导系数等有关。在加热过程中,如热传导速率满足不了升温