Analysis of Fatty Acid and Lignan Composition of Indian Germplasm of Sesame to Evaluate Their Nutritional Merits

An attempt was made to individually analyze a germplasm collection of 54 indigenous Indian sesame cultivars for fatty acid and lignan composition of their seed oil by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The entries varied in their fatty acid and lignan composition. The mean percentage contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids ranged between 10–22, 5–10, 38–50, 18–43 and less than 1 whereas sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin scored between 3–37, 27–67, 20–59 of the total percentage of lignan, respectively. The highest percentage of α‐linolenic acid (ALA) was obtained in Var‐9 (1.3 % of the total fatty acids). Among the lignans, high sesamin content is considered to be significant, particularly in terms of long shelf life and nutraceutical value of sesame seed oil. The study has broadened our understanding related to differential biochemical composition of the rich sesame germplasms, thereby providing us with a useful groundwork for identifying potential targets and suitable cultivars for genetic engineering approaches to be undertaken in order to improve the nutritional quality of sesame oil, which in turn would be beneficial towards human health.     

野菊花黄色素提取工艺研究

对野菊花黄色素的提取条件进行了系统的研究。结果表明 ,提取的最佳工艺条件是 :以pH值为 5 0的体积分数 99 7%的无水乙醇为浸提剂 ,按每克野菊花粉加浸提剂 10mL的比例投料 ,在温度 60℃下 ,浸提时间为 5h     

夹竹桃对钉螺肝损伤的超微结构观察

钉螺经夹竹桃叶水浸液处理后，用扫描电镜和透射电镜分别观察了其肝表面及肝细胞结构的变化。处理后的肝表肿胀，明显的沟纹消失，其上的孔隙破损；24h后肝细胞核肿胀，核仁消失，核质稀疏，内质网断裂，线粒体增多，且随处理时间的延长（48h），损伤加重，内质网几乎全部囊泡化，细胞核开始破裂，线粒体也破裂。文中也讨论了钉螺可能致死的原因，为探明夹竹桃对钉螺的损伤程度和灭螺机制提供了亚显微结构依据。     

Hydrothermal Modifications of Tropical Tuber Starches. 1. Effect of Heat‐Moisture Treatment on the Physicochemical,Rheological and Gelatinization Characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches have been subjected to heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) under different conditions using a response surface design of the variables. A comparative study was performed on the pasting properties, swelling behaviour and the gelatinization properties of the modified starches and also on the rheological and textural properties of their pastes. X‐ray diffraction studies have shown that cassava starch exhibited a slight decrease in crystallinity, whereas sweet potato and arrowroot starches showed an increase in crystallinity after HMT at 120ºC for 14 h with 20% moisture. The swelling volume was reduced and the solubility was enhanced for all three starches after HMT, but both effects were more pronounced in the case of arrowroot starch. The decrease in paste clarity of the starch after HMT was higher in the case of cassava and sweet potato starches. Viscosity studies showed that the peak viscosity of all three starches decreased after HMT, but the paste stability increased as seen from the reduced breakdown ratio and setback viscosity. Studies on rheological properties have shown that storage and loss moduli were higher for the starches heat‐moisture treated at higher moisture and lower temperature levels than the corresponding native starches. Storage of the gel at ‐20ºC resulted in a significant increase in storage modulus for all the three starches. All the textural parameters of the gels were altered after the treatment which depended on the nature of the starch and also the treatment condition.     

野菊花中黄酮类物质的提取和鉴定

采用碱溶酸析法和微波间歇加热提取法,成功地提取了野菊花中黄酮类物质。经HCl-锌粉反应和红外光谱鉴定,提取物为黄酮类物质。同时,采用分光光度法,以芦丁标准品绘制标准曲线对野菊花中的总黄酮类物质进行了测定,其质量分数为2.290mg/g。并讨论了时间对测定方法的影响,结果表明,显色时间在40min内稳定。此结果为进一步开发利用野菊花这一天然的宝贵资源以及野菊花与黄酮类物质药效功能的综合利用提供了科学依据。     

Rheological Characteristics of Different Tropical Root Starches

The rheological properties of starch extracted from ten different species of tropical tuber crops were examined using a Bohlin rheometer. Suspensions with starch concentrations of 3, 4 and 5% were gelatinised at 75°C and fed into the rheometer cup. A C 25 measuring system was used and the heating rate was 1.5°C/min, heating schedule 75‐95ºC, holding at 95°C for 600 s, cooling to 35°C at 1.5ºC/min, holding for 3600 s. For strain sweep tests, the range of strain used was 0‐0.2% and the temperature of test was 35ºC. The data on viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and phase angle were obtained from the rheograms. The results indicated variability in the various properties of the different starches. However the results did not follow a definite trend. The viscosity of Colocasia starch was low while Canna edulis and yam starches had high viscosities. The storage modulus was also highest for Canna starch (70‐93 Pa) for 5% and gel strength was comparatively high for Canna edulis, Dioscorea esculenta and D. rotundata starches. The phase angle values followed the pattern of G′ and all the starch pastes were found to be elastic in nature at higher concentration. The wide variability in rheological properties can be useful in different applications of tuber starches.     

Antioxidant activities of extract and fractions from Tuber indicum Cooke & Massee

The antioxidant activities of ethanolic crude extract (ECE) and its four different solvent sub-fractions (namely, petroleum ether fraction (PEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butyl alcohol fraction (BAF) and the rest fraction (RF)) from Tuber indicum were investigated using several in vitro antioxidant assays. ECE and four sub-fractions possessed different antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities in different assays. BAF showed the most potent radical-scavenging activity on DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals and reducing power, with EC₅₀ values of 1.38, 0.96, 16.0 mg/ml, respectively. EAF exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical-scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activities with EC₅₀ values of 3.31 and 0.70 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) were also determined. BAF had the highest TP and TF contents, and the next was EAF. These results showed that the amounts of phenolics and flavonoids were in accordance with higher effectiveness in scavenging radicals and chelating ferrous ions.     

黑松露(Tuber indicum)提取物的抗氧化活性及对UVA/UVB诱导的小鼠光损伤模型的皮肤保护作用

对比辽宁鞍山(LN)、云南昆明(KM)、云南贡山(GS)的黑松露的抗氧化活性, 筛选出最优品种的黑松露提取物,并研究黑松露提取物对UVA/UVB诱导的小鼠光损伤模型皮肤保护作用。方法 采用DPPH、ABTS和FRAP法检测3个产地黑松露提取物的抗氧化活性, 皮肤含水量测试仪、水分经皮肤散失测试仪、皮肤弹性仪检测小鼠背部皮肤角质层水分含量,经皮水分散失量(Trans Epidermal Water Loss,TEWL)及皮肤弹性R2值。并通过光学显微镜观察小鼠皮肤组织学变化。结果 LN黑松露水提物的DPPH、ABTS阳离子自由基清除活性最强, 其IC50分别是: 0.29 mg/mL和0.11 mg/mL; LN黑松露水提物的二价铁还原能力最强, 其Trolox当量分别为: 2.66 mg/mL; UVA/UVB诱导小鼠光损伤模型, 照射4周后, 与模型组、空白基质组比较, 黑松露(HSL)组皮损评分、TEWL均明显降低(P<0.05), MMV、R2值均明显升高(P<0.05)。观察小鼠皮肤组织学, 与模型组、空白基质组比较, HSL组观察到明显背部皮肤结构和功能改善。结论 黑松露提取物具有较好的抗氧化活性, 并对UVA/UVB诱导的光损伤有一定保护作用, 为黑松露在食品领域的应用提供相应的理论基础。     

野菊茎叶多糖微波辅助法提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以野菊茎叶为原料,经脱色脱脂后用微波辅助法提取野菊茎叶中的多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖的提取量。以料液比、提取温度、提取时间和微波功率为自变量,设计正交试验确定野菊茎叶多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,并通过Fenton体系和DPPH体系测试野菊茎叶多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明,在料液比1:40(g/mL)、提取温度80℃、提取时间10min、微波功率450 W的条件下野菊茎叶多糖的提取量高达6.32%,微波辅助能快速提取野菊茎叶中的多糖,提取效果显著;野菊茎叶多糖对·OH和DPPH·有清除作用且存在着量效关系,野菊茎叶多糖具有抗氧化活性。