微囊藻毒素生物合成研究进展

全球的淡水湖泊不同程度发生水华现象,其危害主要表现在毒素特别是微囊藻毒素的释放。有效控制微囊藻毒素应该首先了解其生物合成过程。针对这个问题,综述了微囊藻毒素的硫模板合成机制、基因簇结构、基因表达调控及环境因素对藻毒素合成的影响等方面的最新研究进展。     

微囊藻毒素分子印迹聚合物的制备及性能研究

以微囊藻毒素MC-LR为模板,采用本体聚合法制备微囊藻毒素分子印迹聚合物,优化制备过程.通过电子显微镜、孔隙度分析、红外吸收等对其进行表征,并研究其反应机理和吸附性能.结果表明,单体∶模板∶交联剂配比为0.9×106∶1∶1.2×106,洗脱时间25 min时为优选条件,最大吸附量为153.7μg/g,此分子印迹聚合物对MC-LR具有显著的特异性吸附作用.     

Overview of the potent cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its analytical determination

Blue-green algae are responsible for the production of different types of toxins which can be neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, cytotoxic and dermatotoxic and that can affect both aquatic and terrestrial life. Since its discovery the neurotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been a cause for concern, being associated with the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism–dementia complex (ALS/PDC). The initial focus was on Guam where it was observed that a high number of people were affected by the ALS/PDC complex. Subsequently, researchers were surprised to find levels of BMAA in post mortem brains from Canadian patients who also suffered from ALS/PDC. Recent research demonstrates that BMAA has been found at different levels in the aquatic food web in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. There is emerging evidence to suggest that sand-borne algae from Qatar can also contain BMAA. Furthermore, there is now concern because BMAA has been found not only in warmer regions of the world but also in temperate regions like Europe. The aim of this review is to focus on the methods of extraction and analysis of the neurotoxic non-protein amino acid BMAA. We also consider the neurotoxicity, aetiology, and diverse sources and routes of exposure to BMAA. In recent years, different methods have been developed for the analysis of BMAA. Some of these use HPLC-FD, UPLC-UV, UPLC-MS and LC-MS/MS using samples that have been derivatised or underivatised. To date the LC-MS/MS approach is the most widely used analytical technique as it is the most selective and sensitive method for BMAA determination.     

化学氧化破坏藻体及胞内藻毒素释放特性研究

借助透射电子显微镜（TEM）并利用胞内、外微囊藻毒素分析技术,研究了受污染源水中铜绿微囊藻在几种水厂常用化学氧化剂作用下的藻体破坏形态特征,探讨了胞内藻毒素的释放特性及氧化剂对藻毒素的去除效果.结果表明,氯、臭氧和二氧化氯均能引起藻体破坏及胞内藻毒素的释放,其中臭氧对藻体形态的破坏最为严重,氯的作用相对较差,二氧化氯则介于二者之间;在氧化剂低投量（0.5 mg/L）下,二氧化氯引起胞内藻毒素的释放最为显著,臭氧对藻毒素的去除效果优于二氧化氯和氯.从藻毒素的安全去除角度考虑,在水处理过程中应该首选臭氧,其次为二氧化氯,氯的使用应当慎重.     

北京市富营养化淡水水体中微囊藻毒素的研究进展

微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCYSTs,MCs)是富营养化淡水水体中最常见的藻类毒素,它的产生受到藻类遗传因素和环境因素的共同作用。由于其毒性大、分布广、结构稳定,从而成为水环境中的潜在危害物质。本文在总结国内外研览的基础上,主要对北京市不同富营养化程度的河流湖泊中微囊藻毒素的来源、结构性质、产生机理、危害及分析检测方法进行综述,为北京市淡水水体中微囊藻毒素的防治提供科学参考,也为2008年北京"绿色奥运"尽绵薄之力。     

Combined exposure to cyanobacterial biomass, lead and the Newcastle virus enhances avian toxicity

Under environmental conditions, wild birds can be exposed to multiple stressors including natural toxins, anthropogenic pollutants and infectious agents at the same time.This experimental study was successful in testing the hypothesis that adverse effects of cyanotoxins, heavy metals and a non-pathogenic immunological challenge combine to enhance avian toxicity. Mortality occurred in combined exposures to naturally occurring cyanobacterial biomass and lead shots, lead shots and Newcastle vaccination as well as in single lead shot exposure. Mostly acute effects around day 10 were observed. On day 30 of exposure, there were no differences in the liver accumulation of lead in single and combined exposure groups. Interestingly, liver microcystin levels were elevated in birds co-exposed to cyanobacterial biomass together with lead or lead and the Newcastle virus. Significant differences in body weights between all Pb-exposed and Pb-non-exposed birds were found on days 10 and 20. Single exposure to cyanobacterial biomass resulted in hepatic vacuolar dystrophy, whereas co-exposure with lead led to more severe granular dystrophy. Haematological changes were associated with lead exposure, in particular. Biochemical analysis revealed a decrease in glucose and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase in single and combined cyanobacterial and lead exposures, which also showed a decreased antibody response to vaccination.The combined exposure of experimental birds to sub-lethal doses of individual stressors is ecologically realistic. It brings together new pieces of knowledge on avian health. In light of this study, investigators of wild bird die-offs should be circumspect when evaluating findings of low concentrations of contaminants that would not result in mortality on a separate basis. As such it has implications for wildlife biologists, veterinarians and conservationists of avian biodiversity.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测动物源性水产品中7种微囊藻毒素

微囊藻毒素是由淡水蓝绿藻产生的一类最常见的环肽肝毒素,对动物及人类健康具有较大的危害性,建立准确、快速的检测微囊藻毒素的方法对于水产品食用安全非常重要。本实验对动物源水产品样品的提取、固相萃取、色谱和质谱等条件进行优化,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测7种微囊藻毒素（LR、RR、YR、LW、LA、LF、LY）的方法,并采用了固相萃取和基质分散固相萃取两种前处理方法。固相萃取方法的检出限为0.5 μg/kg,添加回收率为75%～106%,相对标准偏差小于20%;基质分散固相萃取方法的检出限为2.5 μg/kg,添加回收率为73%～93%,相对标准偏差小于16%。该方法适用于水产品中微囊藻毒素的日常检测和确证。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定鲢鱼中的微囊藻毒素

建立了高效液相色谱/串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）同时定量检测洪泽湖鲢鱼中微囊藻毒素（MC-RR,MC-LR和MC-YR）的方法,用甲醇提取鲢鱼肉中的微囊藻毒素,用C18固相萃取柱净化。以甲醇和0.1%的甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱用C18色谱柱对鱼肉中的微囊藻毒素进行分离,用电喷雾质谱正离子选择模式进行检测。三种微囊藻毒素MC-RR,MC-LR,MC-YR的线性良好,检出限分别为0.2、0.4、0.4μg·L-1,定量限分别为0.8、0.9、0.9μg·L-1。对链鱼样品进行加标回收,回收率在87.1%～101.2%,10次平行测定的相对标准偏差均小于8%。该方法具有准确、快速、简单以及灵敏度高的特点,能够适应大规模样品的快速分析要求。     

多壁碳纳米管分散固相萃取净化在测定水产品中3 种微囊藻毒素的应用及与固相萃取法的比较

建立多壁碳纳米管净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对水产品中3?种微囊藻毒素残留量的测定方法。水产品用80%甲醇溶液提取,经多壁碳纳米管净化后,采用电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式进行分析。对不同性质碳纳米管进行考察,并对净化条件进行优化。将优化后的分散固相萃取条件与采用HLB柱固相萃取的净化方式进行比较,两者在1～50?μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性,线性相关系数均大于0.99,3?种微囊藻毒素的检出限为0.1～0.2?μg/kg。在不同浓度水平下进行加标实验,平均回收率在88.7%～95.5%之间,相对标准偏差不大于4.2%。该方法适用于水产品中微囊藻毒素的痕量检测。