Effect of processing on in vitro digestibility of protein and starch in quinoa seeds

The in vitro digestibility of protein in raw quinoa assessed by an enzymic method was 78%, significantly ( P > 0.01 ) lower than that of casein, 91%, and also somewhat lower ( P > 0.01) than that of the raw washed quinoa sample, 83%. the process used to remove the outer layers of the seeds containing saponins increased the protein digestibility significantly ( P > 0.01), by 7%. Heat treatments increased protein digestibility over that of raw quinoa samples. Only the cooked sample treated for 60 min presented a slightly lower protein digestibility, 77%, than those obtained for other heat-treated samples.
The temperature, time and moisture used in cooking and autoclaving of whole seeds of quinoa did not improve starch digestibility significantly. the digestibility of the starch in the raw and precooked samples was 72 and 77%, respectively, after drum drying and about 64% after extrusion in both cases. Precooking at 60°C for 20 min does not improve the digestibility of the quinoa starch.     

Mechanisms of molecular and structural interactions between lentil and quinoa proteins in aqueous solutions induced by pH recycling

There has been a growing interest in plant proteins due to their beneficial health effects, low cost and variety of applications in food industries. The low solubility of lentil proteins (LPs) is one of the significant factors that limit their use in food applications. Quinoa proteins (QPs), which have high water solubility, were combined with LPs at pH 12 to generate LP-QP complexes to generate pH-based soluble protein compounds. The LP-QP complexes demonstrated a large surface charge with an increase solubilisation of the protein complexes by more than 85%, together with resistance to protein aggregation. The combination of LPs to QPs led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in unique tertiary and secondary protein structures as determined by the protein–protein interaction (PPI) technique involving pH recycling. Interactions between LPs and QPs affected the surface morphology of the protein complexes formed. Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding were indicated to play key roles in the PPIs. The capacity of pH cycling to illustrate the above protein interactions shows that this is a robust approach for assessing the emulsion and foaming properties of food proteins.     

Weissella cibaria short-fermented liquid sourdoughs based on quinoa or amaranth flours as fat replacer in focaccia bread formulation

Production of the traditional Italian Focaccia bread (FcBread) requires reformulation to meet the new rules for healthier foods. We tested the applicability of a short-fermented (15 h) liquid sourdough (LS) (dough yield, DY, 250), obtained using quinoa (Q) or amaranth (Am) flour fermented with a Weissella cibaria strain (C43-11) producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) as fat replacer in yeast-leavened FcBread. The LSs were applied during the FcBread-making process at industrial pilot plant, reducing the added fat amount by 20% (FcBread-QLS and FcBread-AmLS) and products were compared with reference samples not containing EPS. All the products were analysed for physico-chemical properties (pH, TTA, organic acids, protein content and profile, instrumental colour), textural properties, sensory quality and glycemic index. The application of both pseudo-cereal-based W. cibaria LSs in FcBread allowed obtaining products with a reduced amount of fat, increased protein amount, mainly due to the albumin and glutenin/glutelin fractions, reduced glycemic index, improved texture and preserved in the traditional sensory profile of ‘focaccia’.     

藜麦红曲固态发酵及其抗氧化活性研究

目的 利用固态发酵的方法提高藜麦的功能性,并探究发酵产物的抗氧化活性。方法 选取5株红曲菌进行藜麦固态发酵,筛选出最优菌株,以红曲色素为指标进行单因素实验,并进行响应面优化实验。提取发酵产物中的色素,并采用紫外可见全波长扫描分光光度法及高效液相色谱法进行测定;采用Folin-Ciocaltue法和苯酚硫酸法对发酵产物中的多酚和多糖进行测定;并对发酵产物进行抗氧化活性研究。结果 5株红曲菌株中用C100发酵藜麦产色素能力最强。通过单因素和响应面优化,确定了发酵的最佳条件:装麦量26g,接种量5 mL,发酵时间9 d。藜麦经红曲发酵后多酚多糖变化明显,多酚是发酵前的4.93倍,多糖是发酵前的1.36倍。抗氧化研究表明:藜麦红曲发酵产物有一定的超氧阴离子清除能力,较强的清除铁离子还原能力、2,2-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸二铵盐以及羟基自由基能力。结论 红曲固态发酵提高了藜麦产品功能性和可食用价值,具有广阔的市场前景。     

Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: a review

Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is an Amaranthacean, stress‐tolerant plant cultivated along the Andes for the last 7000 years, challenging highly different environmental conditions ranging from Bolivia, up to 4.500 m of altitude, to sea level, in Chile. Its grains have higher nutritive value than traditional cereals and it is a promising worldwide cultivar for human consumption and nutrition. The quinoa has been called a pseudo‐cereal for botanical reasons but also because of its unusual composition and exceptional balance between oil, protein and fat. The quinoa is an excellent example of ‘functional food’ that aims at lowering the risk of various diseases. Functional properties are given also by minerals, vitamins, fatty acids and antioxidants that can make a strong contribution to human nutrition, particularly to protect cell membranes, with proven good results in brain neuronal functions. Its minerals work as cofactors in antioxidant enzymes, adding higher value to its rich proteins. Quinoa also contains phytohormones, which offer an advantage over other plant foods for human nutrition. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于气相色谱-质谱联用技术的不同产地藜麦中脂肪酸及小分子物质组成分析

为研究国内外不同产地藜麦的成分差异,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对藜麦中脂肪酸及非极性小分子物质进行测定,并结合无监督模式的主成分分析和有监督模式的正交偏最小二乘判别分析对产地与成分之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明：不同产地藜麦中的脂肪酸组成相似,主要是不饱和脂肪酸,其占总脂肪酸80%以上;脂肪酸含量差异显著,其中亚油酸含量最高,均在50%左右;小分子物质含量与产地相关性显著,D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和核糖醇为差异性化合物。     

藜麦茶加工工艺及酚类物质组成分析

以感官评分和总酚含量为评价指标,首先采用Plackett-Burman设计对藜麦茶加工工艺的主要影响因素进行筛选,再联合响应面试验对显著影响因素进行优化,建立藜麦茶的最优工艺条件,并利用高效液相色谱对藜麦和藜麦茶的酚类物质组成进行解析。结果表明：藜麦茶的最优工艺条件为烘干时间30 min、焙烤温度201 ℃、焙烤时间10 min。在此条件下制得的藜麦茶感官评分为86.32,总酚含量为3.73 mg/g。与藜麦相比,藜麦茶酚类物质含量更高,游离态酚类含量和黄酮含量分别增加了54%、16%,游离态总酚指数和结合态总酚指数分别是藜麦的2.3倍和1.2倍,其中没食子酸、原儿茶酸、芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚含量增加最显著。     

基于模糊数学法和响应面法优化藜麦发酵浓浆发酵工艺

目的研究五台山藜麦发酵浓浆达到最佳感官品质时的发酵工艺。方法以藜麦酶解液为发酵基质,选用植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌按一定比例混合进行混菌发酵,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面分析方法,考察接种量、发酵时间、菌种比例3因素对感官品质的影响,以感官评分为响应值确定最优发酵工艺参数。为避免感官评价方法的主观性和片面性,采用模糊数学法得到各样品感官评分。结果经Design-Expert V8.0.6软件对结果进行分析,确定藜麦发酵浓浆生产的最优工艺参数为:接种量2.83%,发酵时间10.04 h,菌种比例2.08:1。在此优化条件下得到的藜麦发酵浓浆最终感官得分为92.5分,与模型预测值基本相符。结论响应面试验设计可用于藜麦发酵浓浆发酵工艺优化。藜麦发酵浓浆组织状态良好,酸味爽口且口感细腻爽滑,满足人们对其感官品质的需求。     

Compositional characteristics,texture, shelf-life and sensory quality of snack crackers produced from non-traditional ingredients

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of non-traditional and highly available and nutrient-dense ingredients in the production of value-added crackers. The crackers were prepared by combining partially defatted chia flour, wheat germ, quinoa, and oat. The antioxidant activity and the polyphenol content were 7.0–8.4 times higher in crackers produced with non-traditional ingredients compared to the control snack. The hydroperoxide value indicated a low oxidative deterioration of the oil. The sample with 10% of partially defatted chia flour was selected for shelf-life test under storage conditions and sensory evaluation. Modified atmosphere exerted a protective effect on the lipid stability regardless of the incorporation of BHT to the formulation. All the evaluated attributes scored highly during consumer acceptance. The formulated cracker presented a relevant content of protein, dietary fibre and omega-3 and -6 fatty acids. Based on these results, the crackers containing non-traditional ingredients resulted in a product with a good potential for both consumer acceptance and outstanding nutritional benefits.