Removal of chromium (VI) from dilute aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from Terminalia arjuna nuts activated with zinc chloride

Different structured activated carbons were prepared from Terminalia arjuna nuts, an agricultural waste, by chemical activation with zinc chloride for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions. The most important parameter in chemical activation was found to be the chemical ratio (activating agent/precursor, g/g). Carbonization temperature and time are the other two important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. A high surface area of was obtained at a chemical ratio of 300%, carbonization time and temperature of 1 h and 500 °C, respectively. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capability to adsorb Cr(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions. The parameters studied include pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentrations. The kinetic data were best fitted to the Lagergren pseudo-first-order model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum removal of chromium was obtained at pH 1.0 (about 99% for adsorbent dose of 2 g/l and 10 mg/l initial concentration).     

Free primary alcohols in oils and waxes from germs,kernels and other components of nuts,seeds, fruits and cereals

The composition of free primary alcohols in oils and waxes obtained from the germ, kernel, seed coat, shell and skin (peel) of various nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and from the chrysalis of silkworm was examined. These alcohols are usually present in small amounts, along with large quantities of hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides in oils and waxes. Thus, it is necessary to remove hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides to analyze the alcohols. We found that preparative reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was the best way to isolate alcohols from oils and waxes. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) then detected hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol in the oils and waxes. Octacosanol usually was the predominant alcohol. Relationships between the organs from nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and the contents of octacosanol are suggested. For example, degermed kernels contained two times more octacosanol than the germ, and the skin coat and shell contained one-half and one-fortieth the octacosanol of the germ, respectively.     

焙烧高岭土的结构特征和吸附性能

通过对焙烧高岭土的矿物特性和表面吸附性质的研究。用化学分析，ＸＲＤ、ＩＲ、ＸＰＳ、Ｒａｍａｎ光谱和ＳＥＭ观察证明焙烧高岭土的羟基基团完全消失，等温吸附，粒度分布试验证明焙烧高岭土水化能力较大，但吸附能力较弱。     

Exploring relationships between satiation,perceived satiety and plant-based snack food features

We aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant-based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid-morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant-based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety.     

免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法测定澳洲坚果中黄曲霉毒素B_1

建立了一种测定澳洲坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1的免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法。采用甲醇-水提取,提取液经过滤、水稀释、净化,甲醇洗脱溶解,柱后衍生液相色谱仪荧光检测器测定。实验结果表明,澳洲坚果中黄曲霉毒素B1的检出限为0.2μg/kg,在添加水平为5、10、20μg/kg的回收率实验中,平均回收率为81%~96%,相对标准偏差为0.8%~3.7%。     

北京烤鸭腿皮与腿肉关键挥发性风味物质解析

为揭示传统北京烤鸭鸭腿的关键挥发性风味物质,采用固相顶空微萃取-气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用仪(HS-SPME-GC-O-MS)对4种最具代表性北京烤鸭的腿皮、腿肉挥发性风味物质进行定性与定量分析,并结合气味活性值(OAV)与贡献率确定关键挥发性风味物质组分,通过风味重组试验、风味缺失试验与感官评价三角检验法确证北京烤鸭关...     

水剂法提取澳洲坚果油及其理化特性的研究

研究水剂法提取澳洲坚果油的工艺,采用单因素试验分别研究了料水比、浆液pH值、浸提温度、提取时间和离心转速对提油率的影响。在此基础上,采用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺为料水比1:3g/mL、自然pH 6.4、提取时间1 h,离心转速4 800 r/min,在此条件下提油率可达67.50%。采用水剂法得到的澳洲坚果油色泽浅黄透明,具有澳洲坚果香味。澳洲坚果油理化特性结果表明,pH条件对水剂法提取油品质有一定影响,水剂法提取油酸值和过氧化值均符合国家食用油质量标准。     

Multi-allergen screening immunoassay for the detection of protein markers of peanut and four tree nuts in chocolate

A multiresidue enzyme immunoassay was developed to check for the presence of markers of peanut, hazelnut, almond, cashew and Brazil nuts in a single run. The assay was designed under the competitive indirect format and adapted for screening purposes applied to chocolate samples. The limit of detection for this assay was below 1 µg g^-1 protein for each allergenic food. In most cases, the high specificity of the antibodies used allowed the identification of each particular allergenic food with no possible confusion. This assay was proven to be useful as part of an analytical procedure involving the identification of the unknown allergenic food among peanut and other tree nuts in recalled samples before the application of a quantitative technique to determine the level of cross-contamination.     

A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study

Fungi are distributed worldwide and can be found in various foods and feedstuffs from almost every part of the world. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungal species and may impose food safety risks to human health. Among all mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON and T‐2 toxin), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins (FMN) have received much attention due to high frequency and severe health effects in humans and animals. Malaysia has heavy rainfall throughout the year, high temperatures (28 to 31 °C), and high relative humidity (70% to 80% during wet seasons). Stored crops under such conditions can easily be contaminated by mycotoxin‐producing fungi. The most important mycotoxins in Malaysian foods are AFs, OTA, DON, ZEN, and FMN that can be found in peanuts, cereal grains, cocoa beans, and spices. AFs have been reported to occur in several cereal grains, feeds, nuts, and nut products consumed in Malaysia. Spices, oilseeds, milk, eggs, and herbal medicines have been reported to be contaminated with AFs (lower than the Malaysian acceptable level of 35 ng/g for total AFs). OTA, a possible human carcinogen, was reported in cereal grains, nuts, and spices in Malaysian market. ZEN was detected in Malaysian rice, oat, barley, maize meal, and wheat at different levels. DON contamination, although at low levels, was reported in rice, maize, barley, oat, wheat, and wheat‐based products in Malaysia. FMN was reported in feed and some cereal grains consumed in Malaysia. Since some food commodities are more susceptible than others to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination, more stringent prevention and control methods are required.