地震触发崩塌滑坡自组织临界性研究

汶川地震触发了大量崩塌滑坡灾害.这些规模差异巨大的现象之间,能量及空间是否存在着确定的分布规律?巨型崩滑和小规模坍塌是否遵从不同的形成机理?这些都是亟待解决的基本科学问题.作者在自组织临界状态(SOC)的概念框架下,通过震区典型路段考察,发现位于地震Ⅸ度区的崩滑工点,崩滑方量及崩滑体深度,与崩滑工点数目之间存在着良好的负幂律关系,地震Ⅹ度区也体现出有类似特征;拟静力模拟地震的沙堆离心模型实验表明,模型底板倾斜1.5°时,崩塌的动力学特性可以用幂律描述,底板倾斜达到3°时服从正态分布;元胞自动机模型数值模拟表明,随扰动强度增加沙堆模型动力学特性的演变是渐进的.从而从整体理论上对上述问题提出新的解释:处于青壮年期的山地斜坡系统具有SOC的内禀基本属性;存在一个地震强度阈值,在此之下地震触发的崩滑规模与出现频率之间的分布规律可用幂律描述,巨型崩滑灾害和小规模坍塌现象遵从同一形成机理.全新的认识可望为地震触发崩塌滑坡灾势评估提供普适性的概型并建立应用框架.     

纤维素燃料乙醇废水水质分析及预处理技术

对中粮集团(COFCO)纤维素乙醇厂醪液废水进行了水质分析,废水中悬浮物含量达123868mg/L、CODCr为127667mg/L.利用GC-MS技术对废水中有机物成分进行了定性分析,检测出该废水中可定性的有机物52种,挥发酸中乙酸含量达29188mg/L.以固液分离的液体得率、CODCr去除率、处理速率、能耗等为指标,比较了自然沉降、离心分离、板框压滤3种物理预处理方法对该废水的处理效果.研究表明:板框压滤是一种较好醪液预处理方法,在0.6h/L的处理速率下,液体得率为66.44%、CODCr去除率为64.75%,耗能为0.22(kW·h)/L,大部分常规水质指标和离子浓度随着固液分离的进行均明显降低.     

单分散单壁碳纳米管的制备

对电弧放电法合成的单壁碳纳米管样品进行硝酸氧化处理,经过离心分离后得到纯化的单壁碳纳米管。在超声波的作用下,向提纯后的样品中加入表面活性剂,制得单壁碳纳米管的分散体系。通过再一次的高速离心,将单壁碳纳米管管束和少量的石墨纳米粒子等杂质除去。UV-vis-NIR吸收光谱的研究表明,我们成功地制备了在水中分散的碳纳米管。     

离心法制备氧化铝-氧化锆泡沫陶瓷过滤器

通过在发泡聚苯乙烯模板内的离心成型方法来制备Al2O3-ZrO2泡沫陶瓷过滤器,测量了浆料在不同pH值下的Zeta电位,分析了浆料的固相含量对离心时间的影响。观察了不同离心加速度和浆料固相含量下产物生坯密度的变化,测量了最终产物的烧结密度、收缩率、孔隙率和压缩强度,并通过扫描电镜观察了烧结试样的显微结构。试验结果表明,在pH=10时,浆料具有较好的分散性。在较低的固相含量和较高的离心加速度下,浆料的分离现象明显,生坯中出现密度梯度。但在高的固相含量(50%,体积分数)下,分离现象被抑制,孔筋具有较高的生坯密度(61.5%)和烧结密度(91.1%),最终产物的孔隙率在75.3%～83.1%,压缩强度为2.07～3.82 MPa。     

Influence of Coagulant Salt Addition on the Treatment of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions by Centrifugation,Ultrafiltration, and Vacuum Evaporation

Abstract

Droplet size is a key factor in the treatment of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, because of its influence on emulsion properties. The addition of a coagulant salt generally causes emulsion destabilization, increasing the droplet size, and enhancing coalescence between oil droplets, which helps its further treatment. The influence of CaCl₂ addition on droplet size distribution of a commercial O/W emulsion used in machining processes was studied in order to facilitate oil removal and to improve its further treatment by centrifugation, ultrafiltration (UF) and vacuum evaporation. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) was observed at a CaCl₂ concentration of 0.05 M. The quality of the final aqueous effluent, expressed as its chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, was compared for all treatments. The highest COD values were obtained for centrifugation, while the COD of the UF permeate was approximately constant for all UF trials. The best effluent quality was obtained by vacuum evaporation. A combination of these techniques should be appropriate for most industrial treatments of O/W emulsions, depending on the subsequent use of the resulting aqueous effluent.     

On the state and stability of fuel cell catalyst inks

Catalyst layers (CL), as an active component of the catalyst coated membrane (CCM), form the heart of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). For optimum performance of the fuel cell, obtaining suitable structural and functional characteristics for the CL is crucial. Direct tuning of the microstructure and morphology of the CL is non-trivial; hence catalyst inks as CL precursors need to be modulated, which are then applied onto a membrane to form the CCM. Obtaining favorable dispersion characteristics forms an important prerequisite in engineering catalyst inks for large scale manufacturing. In order to facilitate a knowledge-based approach for developing fuel cell inks, this work introduces new tools and methods to study both the dispersion state and stability characteristics, simultaneously. Catalyst inks were prepared using different processing methods, which include stirring and ultrasonication. The proposed tools are used to characterize and elucidate the effects of the processing method. Structural characterization of the dispersed particles and their assemblages was carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy. Analytical centrifugation (AC) was used to study the state and stability of the inks. Herein, we introduce new concepts, S score, and stability trajectory, for a time-resolved assessment of inks in their native state using AC. The findings were validated and rationalized using transmittograms as a direct visualization technique. The flowability of inks was investigated by rheological measurements. It was found that probe sonication only up to an optimum amplitude leads to a highly stable colloidal ink.     

颗粒负荷对小型旋风器性能影响的模拟分析

为探究颗粒负荷对小型旋风器内气固两相流动的影响,基于雷诺应力模型（RSM）和欧拉-欧拉方法的混合流模型（Mixture）进行气体-颗粒、颗粒-颗粒的相间耦合计算。采用粒径为0.5～5μm的颗粒组在40L/min、60L/min和80L/min的入口流量下模拟0~3kg/m³的5种不同颗粒浓度工况,通过对比旋风器内纯气相流场和颗粒负荷流场的不同,研究了颗粒的存在对流场的影响;探究了入口流量和浓度变化对旋风器内分离效率和压降特性的影响。基于模型有效性验证的数值模拟结果表明：较高颗粒浓度负荷使旋风器内的气相流场发生显著变化。随着入口流量的增大,旋风器的分离效率先增大后减小,压降呈非线性增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大,旋风器的分离效率逐渐增大,压降先减小后增大。     

Effect of milk centrifugation and incorporation of high-heat-treated centrifugate on the composition,texture, and ripening characteristics of Maasdam cheese

This study investigated the effect of centrifugation (9,000 × g, 50°C, flow rate = 1,000 L/h), as well as the incorporation of high-heat-treated (HHT) centrifugate into cheese milk on the composition, texture, and ripening characteristics of Maasdam cheese. Neither centrifugation nor incorporation of HHT centrifugate into cheese milk had a pronounced effect on the compositional parameters of any experimental cheeses, except for moisture and moisture in nonfat substance (MNFS) levels. Incorporation of HHT centrifugate at a rate of 6 to 10% of the total milk weight into centrifuged milk increased the level of denatured whey protein in the cheese milk and also increased the level of MNFS in the resultant cheese compared with cheeses made from centrifuged milk and control cheeses; moreover, cheese made from centrifuged milk had ～3% higher moisture content on average than control cheeses. Centrifugation of cheese milk reduced the somatic cell count by ～95% relative to the somatic cell count in raw milk. Neither centrifugation nor incorporation of HHT centrifugate into cheese milk had a significant effect on age-related changes in pH, lactate content, and levels of primary and secondary proteolysis. However, the value for hardness was significantly lower for cheeses made from milk containing HHT centrifugate than for other experimental cheese types. Overall, centrifugation appeared to have little effect on composition, texture, and ripening characteristics of Maasdam cheese. However, care should be taken when incorporating HHT centrifugate into cheese milk, because such practices can influence the level of moisture, MNFS, and texture (particularly hardness) of resultant cheeses. Such differences may have the potential to influence subsequent eye development characteristic, although no definitive trends were observed in the present study and further research on this is recommended.     

糖用钙型离子交换树脂的制备及其脱盐特性

制糖二混蜜中含有大量造蜜剂K~+和Na~+需去除,以提高糖分回收率.本文比较了7种钠型阳离子交换树脂的钙富集能力,以及各转型钙离子交换树脂的二混蜜脱钾钠能力,并对选定用于二混蜜脱钾钠的树脂吸附、解析性能和粒度分布进行了研究.结果表明,钠型阳离子交换树脂BK001可富集29.2mg Ca~(2+)/mL树脂,二混蜜中钾钠对Ca~(2+)的解析率最高可达91.7%,有着典型的吸附和解吸曲线,脱钾钠前后树脂粒度分布变化不大,适于转型为钙离子交换树脂后用于二混蜜脱钾钠.     

水酶法提取核桃油工艺研究——酶解和离心参数确定

主要研究了水酶法提取核桃油的酶解和离心工艺。在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验研究了酶解温度、pH、酶的配比、料液比对清油提取率的影响。此外,还研究了离心机的转速和离心时间对清油提取率的影响。研究结果表明,酶解最适工艺条件为酶解温度60℃,蛋白酶/淀粉酶为1∶1,酶解pH6,料液比1∶5;在最适酶解条件下,离心条件为8 000 r/min离心50 min时,核桃油的清油提取率可达到50%;最佳离心参数为离心时间50 min,离心转速14 000 r/min,在此条件下,清油提取率可达到80%。