Chemical Composition of Seed Oils Recovered from Different Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Cultivars

Lipophilic bioactive compounds in oils recovered from the seeds of eight pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars were studied. Oil yield in pear seeds ranged between 16.3 and 31.5 % (w/w) dw. The main fatty acids were palmitic acid (6.13–8.52 %), oleic acid (27.39–38.17 %) and linoleic acid (50.73–63.78 %), all three representing 96–99 % of the total detected fatty acids. The range of total tocochromanols was between 120.5 and 216.1 mg/100 g of oil. Independent of the cultivar, the γ‐tocopherol was the main tocochromanol and constituted approximately 88 %. The contents of the carotenoids and squalene were between 0.69–2.99 and 25.5–40.8 mg/100 g of oil, respectively. The β‐sitosterol constituted 83.4–87.6 % of total sterols contents, which ranged between 276.4 and 600.1 mg/100 g of oil. Three significant correlations were found between oil yield and total contents of sterols (r = ?0.893), tocochromanols (r = ?0.955) and carotenoids (r = ?0.685) in pear seed oils.     

Aroma of dehydrated pear products

Pear purees and cubes were dehydrated with sugars (sucrose and trehalose) addition. Freeze drying and foam-mat drying were used. Manual solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC-flame ionization detector (FID) and GC-MS) was applied to determine the changes in retention of aroma compounds in dehydrated pear purees and cubes. The best retention of aroma compounds in dehydrated pear purees was noticed in the case when freeze drying and trehalose addition were combined. In dehydrated pear cubes, previously dipped in trehalose solution, the highest aroma retention was also determined. This study showed possible application of trehalose as potentially beneficial food ingredient, with the aim to improve the quality of dehydrated fruit products, especially their aroma, and to produce superior dried fruit products or ingredients, which are widely used in food formulation.     

Mechanical Properties of Pear as a Function of Location and Orientation

Abstract

This study provides data on the fundamental mechanical properties of pear tissue and its relationship with specimen orientation and location. The compression tests were performed on Dangshan pear using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The values of failure stress, failure strain, failure energy, and Young's modulus on the specimen orientation and location in pear were obtained. The four mechanical properties are significantly affected by specimen orientation, latitude, and depth, but not affected by the longitude of the specimen.     

珠江河口演变规律及治理利用问题

现代珠江三角洲形成具有发展的阶段性、形式的多样性和淤积的不平衡性等特点。因而近 5 0 0 0～ 6 0 0 0年来珠江河口演变有如下特征和规律 :(1)在纵向上 ,河口性质发生由废弃河口→河流优势型河口→河流—波浪型河口的转换变化 ;(2 )在横向上 ,向海凸伸的三角洲及其河流优势型河口和其两侧向陆凹入的河口湾或潮汐优势型河口相依并存 ,并随三角洲的发展 ,衍生出“河道”与“潮道”共生的现象 ,此是陆海动力耦合和相互作用的表现 ;(3)“河道”与“潮道”间的横比降愈来愈大 ,其间之横向汊道起着良好的调节作用。目前珠江河口的治理应强调保护利用问题 ,有关整治措施应符合河口的特性及其发展演变的规律     

Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in conference pear with high pressure carbon dioxide and effects on pear quality

This work explores the use of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) for the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fresh-cut conference pears. This fruit was chosen as an example of a ready to eat and minimally processed food. Assays were carried out with continuous CO₂ flow at different pressures (6–30 MPa), temperatures (25–55 °C), and exposure times (10–90 min). Heat treatments at similar temperatures and times were compared to the use of HPCD, wherein it was observed that HPCD was more effective. The total inactivation (5 log₁₀ cycles) of the yeast took place at 55 °C with HPCD while it was necessary to reach 70 °C when only heat was applied. Required pressures and exposure times were relatively low (?6 MPa and on the order of minutes) because of the direct contact between the CO₂ and the pear. The pH and °Brix were not affected by the HPCD treatment; however, the pears lost their texture and became darker due to a decrease in vitamin C and enzymatic browning. Peroxidase activity was only partially reduced. The addition of an antioxidant did not help to prevent darkening. Therefore, HPCD could be a low temperature conservation method that is superior to conventional thermal treatments for the preparation of fruit preserves where a firm texture is not essential.     

Non-thermal pasteurization of fruit juices by combining high-intensity pulsed electric fields with natural antimicrobials

The effect of high-intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) on the Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations inoculated in apple, pear, orange and strawberry juices as influenced by treatment time and pulse frequency was investigated. Combinations of HIPEF (35 kV/cm, 4 μs pulse length in bipolar mode without exceeding 40 °C) with citric acid or cinnamon bark oil against these pathogenic microorganisms in fruit juices were also evaluated. Treatment time was the more influential factor on the microbial reduction in all the fruit juices analyzed. S. Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7 were reduced by more than 5.0 log₁₀ units in orange juice treated by only HIPEF; whereas strawberry, apple and pear juices were pasteurized when HIPEF was combined with citric acid at 0.5, 1.5, 1.5%, respectively, or cinnamon bark oil at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.1%, respectively. Synergistic and additive killing effects against S. Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7 in fruit juices by combining treatments were observed.

Industrial relevance

The use of high-intensity pulsed electric fields treatment as a non-thermal pasteurization method in combination with organic acids or essential oils is an effective process for eliminating S. Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7 populations in fruit juices upper 5.0 log₁₀ reductions. Therefore, combinations of those treatments may help to ensure the microbiological safety in juice products, and to reduce the risk of food-borne illness caused by the consumption of these kinds of foods.     

基于穿刺法库尔勒香梨果肉脆度评价研究

本研究采用二阶微分法和峰值法对不同成熟度库尔勒香梨果肉的穿刺力-变形曲线锯齿度进行度量计算,结合不同成熟度香梨果肉组织显微组织观察,分析了锯齿度指数CI、平均穿刺力Fcr、结构破裂空间频率Nsr、结构破裂平均比力fsr和脆功Wc随香梨贮藏时间的变化规律,并分析了这5个锯齿度度量参数与香梨可溶性固形物含量及含水率的相关性,比较了对香梨果肉脆度变化的敏感度。研究结果表明,不同成熟度香梨果肉穿刺力-变形曲线锯齿度有明显差异,随着香梨脆度减小,锯齿度指数CI、平均穿刺力Fcr、结构破裂平均比力fsr、脆功Wc呈逐渐减小趋势,而结构破裂空间频率Nsr呈逐渐增大趋势,这5个锯齿度度量参数都与可溶固形物含量、含水率显著相关,但是峰值分析法的结构破裂平均比力fsr不仅与可溶性固形物含量及含水率的相关系数都很高,而且对香梨脆度敏感度值最高,最适宜作为评价香梨果肉脆度的指标。     

香梨酒中甲醇产生的原因及控制方法研究

采用库尔勒香梨清汁、带肉果汁、果渣在相同条件下发酵,分离得香梨酒,测定甲醇含量高低依次为果渣、带肉果汁、清汁,结合原料中的果胶含量测定,得出原料中果胶是甲醇产生的主要原因。为控制香梨酒中的甲醇含量,选取果胶酶处理、氯化钙处理、发酵温度、发酵时间4个因素进行正交试验,得出香梨清汁中添加0.3%果胶酶和0.2%的氯化钙除去果胶,20℃发酵21d,所得香梨蒸酒的甲醇含量最低。     

基于锶元素含量及其稳定同位素比值的库尔勒香梨产地鉴别

开展锶（Sr）元素含量及其稳定同位素比值鉴别库尔勒香梨产地的可行性研究，明确新疆库尔勒香梨87Sr/86Sr同位素特征值，为库尔勒香梨产地真实性鉴别提供科学依据。以陕西红香酥梨和甘肃香梨作为对照，借助电感耦合等离子质谱分析新疆库尔勒香梨与对照样品及其对应果园土壤的Sr元素含量，采用多接收器电感耦合等离子质谱分析库尔勒香梨果皮与果肉87Sr/86Sr同位素比值。通过方差分析比较不同产地、不同年际土壤及果实中Sr元素含量的差异，探讨果实与土壤Sr元素含量的相关关系，以及不同产地果实87Sr/86Sr同位素比值与Sr元素含量的分布特征。结果表明：新疆、甘肃、陕西共3 个产地梨园土壤Sr含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05），不同年际间梨园土壤Sr含量不存在显著差异。果皮与果肉Sr元素含量存在极显著相关（P＜0.01），但二者与土壤Sr元素含量均不存在显著相关。3 个产地梨果肉/果皮Sr含量不存在显著差异。3 个产地87Sr/86Sr同位素比值存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。果皮Sr同位素更适合用于库尔勒香梨产地鉴别研究。本实验通过稳定同位素技术为库尔勒香梨产地鉴别提供参考。     

基于电学特性库尔勒香梨冲击损伤模型构建

目的 为了有效量化库尔勒香梨因冲击载荷造成的损伤,实现库尔勒香梨冲击损伤量化评价。方法 以不同成熟度库尔勒香梨为实验材料,探究不同成熟度下冲击高度与香梨损伤程度的关系,构建冲击高度与香梨损伤程度模型,依据电学特性检测系统构建不同测试频率下电学参数并联等效电容（Cp）与冲击损伤程度的量化模型。结果 在同一冲击高度下,香梨损伤程度与成熟度成正比关系。当成熟度为H1—H5,冲击高度为30 cm,与瓦楞纸板进行冲击时,香梨表面未发现损伤。当冲击高度达到150 cm时,不同成熟度香梨表皮均已破损,不同成熟度香梨冲击高度与损伤程度量化模型决定系数R2为0.984 9～0.9985,可有效量化评价不同成熟度香梨冲击高度与损伤程度的关系。在同一测试频率下,Cp值随着香梨损伤程度的增加而增大。随着测试频率的升高,电学参数Cp值逐渐减小,5种测试频率、不同成熟度下的量化模型决定系数R2的平均值由高到低为1 kHz、1 MHz、10 kHz、100 kHz、100 Hz。结论 在测试频率1 kHz下,所构建的电学参数Cp与冲击损伤面积的量化模型检测效果相对最优,能够有效量化评价香梨的损伤程度。该模型的构建为...