High concentrations of essential and toxic elements in infant formula and infant foods – A matter of concern

This study assessed concentrations in and intake of toxic and essential elements from formulas and foods intended for infants during their first 6 months of life. Concentrations of the essential elements Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Mo were significantly higher in most formulas than in breast milk. Daily intake of Mn from formula varies from ten up to several hundred times the intake of the breast fed infant, levels that may be associated with adverse health effects. One portion of infant food provided significantly more Fe, Mn, Mo, As, Cd, Pb and U than one feeding of breast milk, but less Ca, Cu and Se. Rice-based products in particular contained elevated As concentrations. Drinking water used to mix powdered formula may add significantly to the concentrations in the ready-made products. Evaluation of potentially adverse effects of the elevated element concentrations in infant formulas and foods are warranted.     

基于GC-IMS技术结合多元统计模型分析不同色泽小米粥挥发性有机物差异

为探究不同色泽小米粥的风味特性,利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）分析市售不同色泽小米（黑、绿、白和黄）蒸煮后米粥的挥发性有机物差异。结果表明,不同色泽小米粥中共鉴定出48种挥发性有机物,其中醛类22种（占68.58%～80.66%）、酮类11种（占6.52%～9.89%）、醇类9种（占5.99%～14.91%）、呋喃类2种（占2.09%～5.66%）、酯类2种（占1.13%～1.72%）和醚类2种（占0.39%～0.69%）。不同色泽小米粥挥发性有机物以醛类、醇类和酮类为主,其次是呋喃、酯类和醚类。黑小米粥中醛类、酮类、酯类相对含量较高,绿小米粥中酮类相对含量最高;白小米粥中醇类和呋喃类相对含量最高;黄小米粥中醛类和酯类相对含量最高。主成分分析和欧氏距离分析显示,GC-IMS挥发性有机物数据可实现不同色泽小米粥样品的较好区分。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析建立稳定性较好的预测模型,结合变量重要性投影（variable importance in projection,VIP）筛选出13种差异挥...     

Quantification and variability of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cross-contamination during serving and consumption of cooked thick porridge in Lungwena rural households, Malawi

The study investigated bacterial transfer to cooked thick porridge via ladles and hands during serving in 29 households in Lungwena, rural Malawi. Household stored water used for hand and ladle washing, was contaminated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus. aureus from hands of members of the household or from contaminated ladles used in food preparation. The results showed that hands became contaminated with E. coli and S. aureus cells in the range 0.6–3.7 and 2.2–4.3 log₁₀ CFU/cm², respectively, following washing with the contaminated water. Ladles became contaminated with 0.9–3.2 log₁₀ CFU/cm² of E. coli cells whereas contamination with S. aureus on ladles ranged between 1.9 and 4.6 log₁₀ CFU/cm². Bacterial transfer from hands to food ranged from <1 to 3.6 log₁₀ CFU/g for E. coli and 2.1 to 4.2 log₁₀ CFU/g for S. aureus. Ladle surfaces transferred from 1.3 to 3.1 and from 1.2 to 4.3 log₁₀ CFU/g of E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, on to the food. Contamination of food by hands was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of ladles and transfer of S. aureus was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of E. coli. The amount of bacteria transferred to the recipient depended on the wash water type and bacteria type. The study has demonstrated that although the traditional cooking of thick porridge inactivates S. aureus and E. coli, the porridge can be contaminated with bacteria during consumption using hands and serving on to a plate with wooden ladles.     

基于QFD及模糊数学设计评判大学生早餐粥配方

[目的]探讨质量功能展开（QFD）及模糊数学评价在食品新产品开发中的应用。[方法]通过调查安徽科技学院部分大学生对早餐粥的要求,采用QFD法进行早餐粥的概念设计;选用正交实验研制成品;通过模糊数学评价该产品的各项感官指标与四种市售同类产品的差异,优化配方设计。[结果]早餐粥营养特性和感官特性的重要性依次为：营养价值﹥色泽﹥香味﹥口感;营养早餐粥最优配方：大米100g、红豆20g、0.5cm3瘦肉丁40g、炒鸡蛋50g、胡萝卜20g、青菜3g、总料水比1∶6。[结论]QFD可以更加客观、准确地确定消费需求,模糊数学评判有助于改进产品质量,两种方法结合用于新产品开发和质量改进方面具有可行性和高效性。     

毕赤酵母对酸粥滋味品质形成的评价

将毕赤酵母与乳酸菌进行复配发酵制备酸粥样品,同时使用乳酸菌单一发酵作为对照,并采用电子舌技术结合多元统计学 方法对其滋味品质进行评价。 结果表明,酸味是发酵酸粥的主要滋味特性。 通过马氏距离聚类分析发现复配组与乳酸菌组发酵酸粥聚 为一类,进一步利用多元方差分析发现,两组发酵酸粥滋味品质差异不显著（P＞0.05）,毕赤酵母对酸粥滋味品质形成无积极影响。     

甘薯黑玉米即食糊的研制

以甘薯、黑玉米、花生、葵花籽、白砂糖为原料,经过不同处理,将粉碎制成的甘薯全粉、黑玉米粉、花生、葵花籽按不同配比进行了甘薯黑玉米即食糊的研制。结果表明:甘薯经蒸煮后,去皮磨浆,然后进行干燥(温度为80℃)和粉碎而得到的甘薯粉口味良好,颜色好;黑玉米经煮制后烘干再进行膨化(压力为10.61×105Pa),所制得的产品风味颜色最好、按甘薯粉57.5%、黑玉米23.0%、蔗糖8%、葵花籽4.7%、花生6.8%进行配制时,所得产品颜色、风味、口感、冲调性及经济效益为最佳。     

方便稀饭糊化与回生研究

利用先进的物性测试仪、差示扫描量热仪和动态流变仪对方便稀饭糊化回生过程中的流变学特性参数进行了测定，从理论上解释了糊化回生现象以及原料、时间等因素对方便稀饭成品品质的影响，从而为工业化大规模生产方便稀饭提供了理论依据。     

真空冷冻干燥制备即食小米粥工艺优化

探索最佳即食小米粥开发工艺及真空冷冻干燥工艺。筛选出适合开发即食小米粥的小米品种,采用模糊数学感官评价法和响应面法优化即食小米粥工艺,正交法优化真空冷冻干燥工艺。结果表明：东方亮小米适合开发即食食品;即食小米粥开发最佳工艺条件为浸泡时间40 min,料液比(g/mL)1:20,熬煮时间30 min,此时得到复水率为14.74,模糊感官评分为90.5;真空冷冻干燥最佳加工条件为物料填充高度3 cm,升华温度40℃,解析温度65℃,此时干燥速率为3.92%。