2010年至2019年中国国家自然科学基金资助中国盐湖研究项目分析

国家自然科学基金对学科发展具有扶持、引导作用, 其资助情况能反映出学科发展态势、研究前沿和热点。以2010—2019年国家自然科学基金对盐湖研究的资助项目数据为分析对象, 利用EXCEL、R Studio、VOSviewer等软件对资助年度、资助金额、依托单位、资助类别、项目名称、关键词等内容进行统计分析, 揭示了国家自然科学基金对盐湖基础研究的资助力度、趋势、研究团队分布, 发现当前盐湖热点研究方向包括盐湖相化学与溶液化学、盐湖资源分离与利用技术、盐湖资源综合利用技术、盐湖成盐规律与机制、盐湖锂资源利用技术、盐湖化学性质研究。     

含硫氰酸盐、硫化物固体废物中总氰化合物测定方法

实验建立了含硫氰酸盐、硫化物固体废物中总氰化合物的测定方法,采用硝酸银滴定法、异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法分别测定总氰化合物含量高、低的样品。通过条件实验优化了前处理方式、称样量和干扰去除方法。该方法测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.43%～1.33%,加入标准物质回收率为91.5%～101.5%,精密度和准确度良好,符合测定要求。     

电解液参数对铝合金微弧氧化黑色陶瓷膜性能的影响

在磷酸盐溶液中加入NH4VO3，通过微弧氧化工艺在6061铝合金上制得了黑色陶瓷膜，研究了NH4VO3含量、溶液温度对膜层的耐磨性、表面粗糙度、附着力、黑度、厚度的影响。结果表明：随着NH4VO3含量的增加，黑度增加、膜层沉积物附着力降低、粗糙度先减小后增大，膜层耐磨性、厚度先增大后减小；随着温度增加，粗糙度、黑度减小，膜层沉积物附着力增大，膜厚先增大后减小。当NH3VO3浓度为5—8g／l，温度为40℃时，膜层表现出较好的综合性能。     

划痕法测Ni—P合金镀层结合力的研究

本文用划痕法测定了Ni-P合金镀层的结合力;观察了划痕侧面镀层的失效形式;分析了三种评定结合力的参数。结果指出,临界载荷L_C、平均应力σ_A用于评定Ni-P镀层的结合力是有条件的,而B-W公式存在的问题更多。     

An extension of Wagner's analysis of competing scale formation

Wagner's criterion to predict the minimum concentration of solute (N _B(min) ⁰ )necessary for the exclusive formation of its scale has been modified to incorporate both thermodynamic and kinetics requirements. The analysis presented here involves a receding alloy/scale interface for which the composition of the alloy at this interface is governed by thermodynamic equilibrium between the two competing scale phases and the base alloy. This is a more rigorous analysis than that of Wagner's, who assumed the alloy/scale interface to be immobile and the solute composition at the interface to be zero. A comparison is made between values of N _B(min) ⁰ found experimentally and those predicted by Wagner's and the present criterion for a number of alloy-gas systems. It is shown that the criterion developed in the present analysis can often provide a better approximation of the actual N _B(min) ⁰ .The expressions derived from the present analysis have been extended also in a semiquantitative manner to provide a criterion for the minimum amount of solute in the alloy required for the transition from internal to external scale formation.     

（Sm，Er）-α-Sialon陶瓷材料显微结构与性能研究

采用热压烧结方法制备了Ln1.0／3Si9．3Al2.7O1．7N14．3的Ln-α-Sialon（Ln=Sm和Er）陶瓷。研究了不同Sm：Er摩尔比和外加2．5％（质量分数，下同）的相同稀土氧化物对Ln-α-Sialon陶瓷显微结构和力学性能的影响，并借助XRD、SEM、EDS对样品的物相、显微结构进行了表征。结果表明：随着Sm：Er摩尔比值的减小，α-Sialon晶粒形貌逐渐由等轴状变成长柱状，显微硬度逐渐变大，最高值为19．5GPa，抗折强度和断裂韧性逐渐降低。在原始配方的基础上外加2．5％的同种稀土氧化物能进一步促进长柱状α-Sialon晶粒的生长，力学性能得到不同程度的提高。     

High-temperature sulfidation of Fe-30Mo alloys containing ternary additions of Al

Fe-30Mo alloys containing up to 9.1 wt% Al were sulfidized at 0.01 atm sulfur vapor over the temperature range of 700–900°C. The sulfidation kinetics followed the parabolic rate law for all alloys at all temperatures. For alloys containing small and intermediate amounts of Al (<4.8 wt.%), a duplex sulfide scale formed. The outer layers of the scales were found to be relatively compact FeS in all cases; whereas the inner layers were composed of the layered compound MoS ₂ (intercalated with iron), the Chevrel compound Fe _x Mo ₆ S ₈,a spinel double sulfide Al _x Mo ₂ S ₄,depending on the Al content of the alloy and the sulfidation temperature. Extremely thin scales were found on the alloys with higher Al contents. Accordingly, extremely slow sulfidation rates were observed—even slower than the sulfidation rate of pure Mo. The transition of the sulfidation kinetics from a high-rate active mode to a low-rate passive mode requires both a critical Al content in the alloy and a critical Mo content. Because of the two-phase nature of the alloys, the latter requirement implies a critical volume fraction of the intermetallic second-phase in the alloy, which has been known as the multiphase effect. Interestingly, the multiphase effect in these alloys was also a function of the Al content in the alloys.     

EDXRF法直接测定氧化物陶瓷材料组分

叙述了用能量色散X射线荧光法(EDXRF)同时测定氧化物陶瓷材料组分的分析方法。该方法对样品无损，可直接测定ZrO2 Y2O3，ZrO2 CaO，ZrO2 Y2O3 CaO 3种陶瓷材料中的CaO，Y2O3和ZrO2；该方法快速、简便、可适用于粉末混合料和经高温烧结后的上述3种陶瓷材料；测定各组分的含量范围为：2％-25％的CaO，1．5％-20％的Y2O3，70％-98％的ZrO2，测定CaO和Y2O3的相对标准偏差好于2％，测定ZrO2的相对标准偏差好于1％。     

不同钛碳摩尔比和铝含量对Ti－Al－C体系燃烧合成Ti3AlC2粉体的影响

以Ti，Al，C和TiC粉末为原料，研究了钛碳摩尔比和Al含量对Ti—Al—C体系燃烧合成产物相组成的影响。实验表明，不同的钛碳摩尔比和Al含量变化，对Ti-Al—C体系燃烧合成Ti3AlC2粉体有很大影响。当Ti／C=1或1．5时，燃烧产物主晶相是TiC，与原料中Al含量变化关系不大；Ti／C=2和Ti／C=3时，主晶相分别是Ti3AlC2和Ti2AlC，它们的衍射峰强度均分别随原料中Al含量增加而增强，当Al含量增加到一定量后，Ti3AlC2和Ti2AlC的衍射峰强度均又减弱；TiC是Ti-Al-C体系燃烧合成Ti3AlC2相的中间产物。     

A machine vision approach to seam tracking in real-time in PAW of large-diameter stainless steel tube

Manual monitoring and seam tracking through watching weld pool images in real-time, by naked eyes or by industrial TV, are experience-depended, subjective, labor intensive, and sometimes biased. So it is necessary to realize the automation of computer-aided seam tracking. A PAW (plasma arc welding) seam tracking system was developed, which senses the molten pool and the seam in one frame by a vision sensor, and then detects the seam deviation to adjust the work piece motion adaptively to the seam position sensed by vision sensor. A novel molten pool area image-processing algorithm based on machine vision was proposed. The algorithm processes each image at the speed of 20 frames/second in real-time to extract three feature variables to get the seam deviation. It is proved experimentally that the algorithm is very fast and effective. Issues related to the algorithm are also discussed.