Effects of Quillaja saponaria extract and Nα-lauroyl-l-arginine ethyl ester on reducing selected foodborne pathogens in vitro and maintaining quality of fresh-cut endive (Cichorium endivia L.) at pilot plant scale

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the applicability of Quillaja saponaria extract (QSE) and N^α-lauroyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (LAE) as antimicrobial wash water additives in fresh-cut lettuce processing. Antibacterial activities of LAE and QSE against selected strains of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes were examined in vitro. Minimum inhibitory concentrations determined by broth microdilution assay demonstrated that LAE exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity with MICs between 4 and 32 μg/mL against all tested strains, whereas QSE showed a weaker antimicrobial activity with MICs >512 μg/mL. On a pilot-plant scale, the effects of warm water washing at 45 °C for 120 s with and without 40 mg/L QSE or 100 mg/L LAE as well as cold water washing at 4 °C for 120 s with QSE or LAE, respectively, of shredded endive (Cichorium endivia L.) were investigated regarding microbiological and sensory quality as well as physiological properties. Samples were analyzed for headspace O₂ and CO₂ levels, phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase activity and contents of nitrite and nitrate during nine days of cold storage at 4 °C. By analogy to its antimicrobial effect against the foodborne pathogens in vitro, LAE allowed up to 4 log₁₀ cfu/mL reduction of the microbial load in the washing water of the pilot plant, and might therefore reduce cross-contamination while saving water. The addition of LAE to warm washing water impaired sensory properties of fresh-cut endive during storage, which was predicted by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analyses. QSE treatment combined with warm water washing best retained sensory appearance throughout our study, being possibly suitable for the production of premium products.     

天麻和苦荞复配液对灰树花胞外多糖合成的影响及其发酵动力学研究

通过向灰树花发酵体系中单一添加天麻醇提物、苦荞醇提物及两种提取物的复配液,研究其对灰树花菌体生长和胞外多糖合成的影响,同时对添加复配液后发酵体系中的残糖(还原糖)含量、pH值的动态变化进行研究。结果表明:当复配液中天麻醇提物添加量为7 g/L、苦荞醇提物添加量为5 g/L时效果较佳,相比空白组(未添加提取物)和单一添加组(天麻、苦荞),胞外多糖产量分别增加了49.08%、13.76%、33.88%,菌丝体生物量分别增加了51.10%、11.35%、26.69%,均显著地高于空白组(P<0.01)和单一添加组(P<0.05)。发酵动力学研究表明,灰树花菌体生长和胞外多糖产量在第7天达到峰值,复配组相对于空白组能消耗更多的碳源物质促进胞外多糖的合成。因此,天麻和苦荞中的有效成分能够显著促进灰树花菌体生长与胞外多糖的合成。     

用淀粉酶提高雪糕中淀粉用量的研究

采用淀粉酶对雪糕中的淀粉进行水解,改变淀粉的分子结构,可以防止淀粉老化返生,消除淀粉味感;增加淀粉的用量,降低白砂糖、奶粉、奶油的用量,从而降低产品的生产成本,同时也可使产品口感细腻、柔软,质量得到改善,膨胀率在90-100%。     

Determination,content analysis and removal efficiency of fining agents on ochratoxin A in Chinese wines

A simple and convenient HPLC-FD detection method for ochratoxin A (OTA) with a high detection limit and a short run time has been developed. OTA has been found in most samples of Chinese market wine, including domestic and imported wines, but the content was not very high. Only a few wines showed an OTA content that exceeded the EC and OIV limits, indicating that most Chinese market wines were safe. The OTA intake for Chinese from wine was 0.017 ng/kg (bw) per day, which was lower than the SCF and JECFA limits and also lower than in many other countries. This was mainly due to the low per capita wine consumption in China, but it is still necessary for the Chinese government and wine makers to monitor OTA levels in wine and to establish relevant regulations. An egg white treatment (0.20 mg/mL, 48 h) was the best removal method for OTA.     

传统发酵霉豆渣菌种分离鉴定及其产酶能力分析

为实现豆渣的高值化利用,解决豆渣资源浪费以及霉豆渣规模化生产受限的问题。本研究以湖北咸宁传统发酵霉豆渣为材料进行微生物分离鉴定,共得到5种细菌和3种霉菌,分别命名为J1~J8。根据形态学观察、生理生化特征分析、16S rRNA及ITS测序结果,最终确定J1~J5分别为水生拉恩氏菌属B13菌株(Rahnella aquatilis strain B13)、戊糖片球菌属S1菌株(Pediococcus pentosaceus strain S1)、成团泛菌属NSD菌株(Pantoea agglomerans strain NSD)、肠膜明串珠菌属2020GS202菌株(Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain 2020GS202)和枯草芽孢杆菌属A10菌株(Bacillus subtilis strain A10),J6~J8分别为层出镰刀菌CanR-8菌株(Fusarium proliferatum strain CanR-8)、黑曲霉DZ-4-3-1菌株(Aspergillus niger strain DZ-4-3-1)和总状毛霉M-22菌株(Mucor racemosus f. racemosus strain M-22)。8株菌产酶能力测定结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌(J5)产蛋白酶和纤维素酶的能力最强,分别达到153.247和66.552 U/mL,其他菌株的产酶能力相对较低。枯草芽孢杆菌、总状毛霉和黑曲霉可能是传统霉豆渣营养与特殊风味形成的主要发酵菌种。     

第二代高通量测序技术分析倒笃菜菌群

目的检测収酵食品倒笃菜中细菌和真菌菌群结构。方法利用第二代高通量测序对倒笃菜中的真菌和细菌菌群结构迚行测定分析。结果检测出倒笃菜产品中,细菌群落中占主要地位为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和Faecalibacterium属,分别占比例为11.4%、9.3%和8.9%,而对収酵起至兲重要的芽孢乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)仅占比例为1.1%。倒笃菜中真菌群落中占主要地位的真菌菌属为曲霉属(Aspergillus),占比为88.8%,而其余真菌占比仅为11.2%。其中,曲霉真菌属中存在可以产生真菌毒素的黄曲霉菌(A.flavus)、寄生曲霉菌(A.parasiticus)等。结论结果表明传统腌制倒笃菜产品中可能会存在一定的致病细菌与可产真菌毒素的真菌,从而有引起食品安全问题的风险,因此,应迚一步对倒笃菜微生物的安全性迚行深入检测分析。     

Effect of temperature and chlorination of pre-washing water on shelf-life and physiological properties of ready-to-use iceberg lettuce

The effects of cold and warm, chlorinated water as well as warm water without chlorination for pre-washing trimmed, cored iceberg lettuce heads was assessed regarding the shelf-life and physiological properties of the resulting ready-to-use (RTU) produce. On a pilot-plant scale, lettuce heads were shredded with or without pre-washing (50 °C, no chlorine; 4 and 50 °C, 200 mg/l free chlorine; 60 s). After shredding, lettuce was washed for 90 s (tap water, 4 °C), spin-dried, packaged in 200 g consumer-sized bags, and stored at 4 °C for ≤ 9 days. Samples were analyzed for their headspace O₂ and CO₂ levels, sensory properties, microbiological status, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity at regular intervals throughout processing and storage. Parallelly, instrumental color and texture measurements were performed. All pre-washing procedures of lettuce heads lowered the initial counts of total aerobic bacteria, pseudomonades, and Enterobacteriaceae by ≥ 1.63, ≥ 1.55, and ≥ 1.85 log₁₀ cfu/g, respectively, while the single-wash of shredded lettuce in tap water without any pre-washing resulted in significantly smaller reduction rates (0.23, 0.11, and 0.71 log₁₀ cfu/g, respectively). During storage, all pre-washing procedures had a persistent effect on bacterial counts of the RTU lettuce. Furthermore, all pre-washing procedures delayed vascular tissue browning at cut edges and retarded the decline in the overall visual quality of the samples. Whereas wound-induced PAL synthesis was reduced by the use of warm water (± chlorine), O₂ depletion and CO₂ evolution in the corresponding bags were slightly enhanced, thus proving that processing kept the food as a living tissue.Industrial relevanceReady to use fresh like produce is getting increasing attention and industrial relevance. The aim of this study was to specifically overcome problems associated with product heterogeneity. Interestingly, the use of warm tap water without chlorination as a pre-washing step proved as effective alternative to the application of cold chlorinated water without substantially compromising vitality and freshness of the product.     

贵州传统香禾糯酒成分分析及其酒体抗氧化活性评价

探究贵州侗族传统香禾糯酒的基本理化指标、部分营养物质和挥发性风味成分及其酒体抗氧化活性并与普通白酒进行对比分析。运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对香禾糯酒的可挥发性成分进行检测,香禾糯酒中共检出45种挥发性成分。用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对酒样中的9种元素检测分析,香禾糯酒中有较高含量的Mn、Fe、Zn、Se等人体必需的微量元素。通过全自动氨基酸分析仪对香禾糯酒样中的氨基酸检测,共有14种氨基酸,6种人体必需氨基酸,氨基酸种类及含量均高于普通白酒。通过测定香禾糯酒与普通白酒的DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和?OH自由基清除能力,结果表明在加入1.8 mL体积下,香禾糯酒的抗氧化率分别达到95.68%、83.20%、97.17%,相较于普通白酒显著提高了71.31%、33.93%、75.69%。说明香禾糯酒保留了蒸馏酒的基本特征,兼有发酵酒的营养性与利口感,有一定的挖掘与开发价值。     

梅干菜和腌制雪菜细菌菌群多样性分析

为探讨传统腌制发酵蔬菜制品的菌群多样性,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,对宁波地区梅干菜半成品、成品和腌制雪菜成品进行分析。结果表明,梅干菜半成品、成品和腌制雪菜成品中相对丰度大于1.0%的菌属分别有8、13、5属,其中乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）在3种产品中相对丰度均较高,分别为31.70%、9.51%、78.08%;假交替单胞菌（Pseudoalteromonas）仅在梅干菜半成品和腌制雪菜成品中检出,相对丰度为4.60%和1.81%;梅干菜半成品的主要优势菌属还有嗜盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）和梭状芽孢杆菌属（Clostridium IV）;梅干菜成品的主要优势菌属还有慢生芽孢杆菌属（Lentibacillus）、交替芽胞杆菌属（Alteribacillus）、嗜盐球菌属（Halococcus）、海单胞菌属（Oceanimonas）、枝芽孢菌属（Virgibacillus）、丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas）、钠白菌属（Natrialba）和代尔夫特菌属（Delftia）等,相对丰度分别为11.85%、11.41%、9.64%、9.46%、8.86%、6.25%、5.21%和5.13%;其余优势菌属相对丰度在1.23%~2.60%之间。乳杆菌属是发酵蔬菜的主要优势菌,腌制方式、腌制阶段的蔬菜产品菌群多样性差异较大,干法腌制比泡制蔬菜产品的菌群结构和多样性更为复杂。本研究结果为传统腌制蔬菜微生物资源的挖掘及其工业化利用提供了理论参考。     

Process viscometry for the food industry

Real-time monitoring and control of food processing applications have grown significantly over the past decade. Food processors are increasingly demanding automated and real-time techniques, which are capable of withstanding the process environment coupled with meeting sanitary requirements. As a result new process monitoring techniques are emerging and traditional techniques are being modified to meet these demands. Commercial instrument designs are reviewed specifically for the food industry with a focus on their advantages and limitations combined with novel modifications developed to overcome such limitations. Emerging technology, which has potential within the food industry, is also discussed.