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81.
A microchannel heat exchanger with a triangular wave and symmetrical triangular wave structure was proposed in this paper. In addition, a new N-type microchannel heat exchanger was developed to balance the heat transfer performance and pressure drop. The relationship between different configurations of the N structure of the microchannel and the heat transfer performance was analyzed. The results showed that, at a high inlet flow rate, the symmetrical triangular wave microchannel had the best heat transfer performance, followed by the triangular wave microchannel and the straight channel. At the same flow rate, the degree of disturbance of the fluid was highest in the symmetrical N-structure microchannel, and an excellent heat transfer effect was observed. 相似文献
82.
《Intermetallics》2015
Raney-type Ni precursor alloys containing 75 at.% Al and doped with 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 at.% Ti have been produced by a gas atomization process. The resulting powders have been classified by size fraction with subsequent investigation by powder XRD, SEM and EDX analysis. The undoped powders contain, as expected, the phases Ni2Al3, NiAl3 and an Al-eutectic. The Ti-doped powders contain an additional phase with the TiAl3 DO22 crystal structure. However, quantitative analysis of the XRD results indicate a far greater fraction of the TiAl3 phase is present than could be accounted for by a simple mass balance on Ti. This appears to be a (TixNi1−x)Al3 phase in which higher cooling rates favour small x (low Ti-site occupancy by Ti atoms). SEM and EDX analysis reveal that virtually all the available Ti is contained within the TiAl3 phase, with negligible Ti dissolved in either the Ni2Al3 or NiAl3 phases. 相似文献
83.
《Ceramics International》2020,46(15):23695-23705
Solid electrolytes are the key component in designing all-solid-state batteries. The Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) structure and its derivatives obtained by doping various elements at Ti and Al site acts as good solid electrolytes. However, there is still scope for enhancing the ionic conductivity using simple precursors and preparation methods. In this study, the Li superionic conductors Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7-xZrx(PO4)3 (LATZP) with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 have been successfully prepared by the solid-state reaction route. The structural, morphological, and ionic transport properties were analyzed using several experimental techniques including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The presence of two relaxation processes corresponding to grain and grain boundary was studied using various formalisms. We have observed that grain effects dominate at lower temperatures (<100 °C) while the grain boundary at higher temperatures (> 200 °C) on ionic conductivity. The relaxation mechanisms of grain and grain boundaries were investigated by the Summerfield scaling of AC conductivity. The highest total ionic conductivity of 2.48 × 10-4 S/cm at 150 °C and 5.50 × 10-3 S/cm at 250 °C was obtained for x = 0.1 in Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.6Zr0.1(PO4)3 sintered at 950 °C/6 h in the air. The ionic conductivity value was found to be higher than the ionic conductivity reported for LATP prepared via solid-state reaction mechanism using the same precursors and conditions. 相似文献
84.
85.
Polyimide/titania (PI/TiO2) nanocomposite films have been successfully fabricated through the in situ formation of TiO2 within a PI matrix via sol–gel method. Poly(amic acid) (PAA), which is the precursor of PI, was successfully synthesized by mixing pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), with equimolar amount of a diamine monomer having a pendent benzoxazole unit and two flexible ether linkages in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Tetraethyl orthotitanate [Ti(OEt)4] and acetylacetone were then added to the resulted PAA. After imidization at high temperature, PI/TiO2 hybrid films were formed. The structure and morphology of the hybrid nanocomposites with different titania contents (0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the TiO2 nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the hybrid films. The thermogravimetric analysis of nanocomposites confirms the improvement in the thermal stability with the increase in the percentage of titania nanoparticle. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles with an average diameter of 25–40 nm were dispersed in the polymer matrix. 相似文献
86.
The morphology of the photoactive layer critically affects the performance of the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs). To control the morphology, we introduced a hydrophobic fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as nonvolatile additive into the P3HT:PCBM active layer. The effect of PVDF on the surface and the bulk morphology were investigated by atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Through the repulsive interactions between the hydrophilic PCBM and the hydrophobic PVDF, much more uniform phase separation with good P3HT crystallinity is formed within the active layer, resulting enhanced light harvesting and improved photovoltaic performance in conventional devices. The PCE of the conventional device can improve from 2.40% to 3.07% with PVDF additive. The PVDF distribution within the active layer was investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, confirming a bottom distribution of PVDF. Therefore, inverted device structure was designed, and the PCE can improve from 2.81% to 3.45% with PVDF additive. Our findings suggest that PVDF is a promising nonvolatile processing additive for high performance polymer solar cells. 相似文献
87.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(1):1151-1157
The paper presents a calculated analysis of the equilibrium emission of nitrogen oxides on the exhaust of carburetor and diesel internal combustion engines. The temperature of fuel oxidation is assumed to be 1,400 °C while the pressure for carburetor and diesel engines is assumed to be 60 atm and 80 atm respectively. The studies have been carried out for natural and synthetic fuels such as hydrogen, ethanol, methanol, petroleum, diesel fuel and methane at the excess air coefficient corresponding to the fuel oxidation temperature of 1,400 °C. In the paper, the method for calculating the equilibrium composition based on the equilibrium constant and mass conservation equations has been applied. It is shown that with an increase in pressure from 1 atm to 60 atm for carburetor engines and up to 80 atm for diesel engines, the reaction of nitrogen dioxide formation may shift towards an increase in NO2. The formation of NO may be not affected by the increase in pressure by virtue of the fact that the reaction proceeds without changes in the amount. It has been determined that NO is the major atmospheric pollutant. However, it would be advisable to use more extensively the fuels characterized by the lowest output of nitrogen dioxide (methane and methanol), since nitrogen dioxide (NO2) related to the 2nd hazard class is appeared to be the most dangerous to humans. It has been revealed that the reduction in oxidation temperature using hydrogen as a fuel for electrochemical current generators may allow reducing nitrogen oxide emissions by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the best results for ICE. 相似文献
88.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(29):14790-14805
A novel multichannel reactor with a bifurcation inlet manifold, a rectangular outlet manifold, and sixteen parallel minichannels with commercial CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for methanol steam reforming was numerically investigated in this paper. A three-dimensional numerical model was established to study the heat and mass transfer characteristics as well as the chemical reaction rates. The numerical model adopted the triple rate kinetic model of methanol steam reforming which can accurately calculate the consumption and generation of each species in the reactor. The effects of steam to carbon molar ratio, weight hourly space velocity, operating temperature and catalyst layer thickness on the methanol steam reforming performance were evaluated and discussed. The distributions of temperature, velocity, species concentration, and reaction rates in the reactor were obtained and analyzed to explain the mechanisms of different effects. It is suggested that the operating temperature of 548 K, steam to carbon ratio of 1.3, and weight hourly space velocity of 0.67 h−1 are recommended operating conditions for methanol steam reforming by the novel multichannel reactor with catalyst fully packed in the parallel minichannels. 相似文献
89.
ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1), a mammalian serine/threonine kinase, is a key component of
autophagy initiation complex and helps to induce all types of autophagy. Canonical autophagy is a process in which,
through the interactions of a series of autophagy-related proteins, damaged organelles or misfolded proteins are
engulfed by autophagosomes and then merged with lysosomes to be degraded. Thus, canonical autophagy is an
important constituent part of the cellular “quality control.” Besides, accumulating evidence indicates that ULK1 exerts
autophagy-independent effects in a cell-specific manner. For example, ULK1 facilitates neurite elongation through the
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi trafficking in neurons, stimulates phosphopentose pathway to help
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen) production, and acts as a duplex regulator in type
I IFN (type I interferon) induced innate immune response. Considering the importance and diversity of ULK1 in
various biological processes, this review aims to present a comprehensive overview of autophagy and non-autophagy
related functions of ULK1 in a variety of human physiological, pathological, and disease processes. 相似文献
90.
ABSTRACT The thermoplastic and low dielectric constants polyimides were introduced. The polyimides were prepared by pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) or 4,4?-(4,4?-Isopropylidenediphenoxy)diphthalic anhydride (BPADA) as anhydride monomer and 4,4?-oxydianiline (ODA) or 2,2-bis(4-(4-aminephenoxy)phenyl)propane (BAPP) as amine monomer. The polyimides were well characterized by FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, dielectric measurement, and tensile test. The dielectric constants were 2.32–2.95 compared with 3.10 of ODA-PMDA polyimide, while partly polyimides were thermoplastic. The results indicated anhydride monomers, containing lateral methyl groups, made polyimides become thermoplastic. The results of molecular simulations via Materials Studio also proved this conclusion. 相似文献