Effect of cooking temperature on texture and flavour binding of braised sauce porcine skin

To investigate the effect of cooking temperature (55, 65, 75, 85 and 95 °C) on texture and flavour binding of braised sauce porcine skin (BSPS), sensory acceptance, microstructure and flavour-binding capacity were investigated during the processing of BSPS. Samples cooked at 85 and 95 °C showed better texture and aroma scores. Hardness and chewiness of BSPS were obviously improved at 85 and 95 °C than control group. Collagen structure was significantly destroyed over 85 °C. The porcine skin collagen heated at 85 and 95 °C showed relatively higher flavour-binding capacity than other samples. The improvement of texture of BSPS was mainly attributed to the degradation of collagen. Higher aroma scores of BSPS were related to intense binding abilities with aroma compounds at 85 and 95 °C. Cooking at 85 or 95 °C could be an optimal cooking temperature for BSPS.     

Effects of different types of potato resistant starches on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids under in vitro fermentation

The prebiotic effects of potato resistant starches RS1, RS2, RS3a, RS3b and RS4 were studied using simulated gut fermentation in vitro. The intestinal microbial composition was significantly changed by resistant starch (RS) after 24-h fermentation. All RSs (P < 0.05) decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and RS2 exhibited the lowest value of 0.95 ± 0.07. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly increased by RS4, whereas Megamonas and Prevotella were promoted by RS2. Further, RS4 produced the highest levels of acetate (138.34 µM), whereas RS2 produced the highest levels of propionate (41.45 µM) and butyrate (21.65 µM). However, Bifidobacterium did not promote the production of propionate or butyrate, even though it was proficient in fermenting RS. Megamonas and Prevotella were positively associated with the higher production of propionate and butyrate. Here, different RSs played key roles in promoting intestinal health, and RS2 especially showed more abundant probiotic functions.     

Influence of ultrasonic treatment on the structure and emulsifying properties of peanut protein isolate

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on emulsifying properties and structure of peanut protein isolate (PPI) were evaluated by analysis of particle size distribution, protein surface hydrophobicity, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism spectra and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The emulsifying properties of the PPI were found to be improved by ultrasonic treatment. The mean particle size decreased from 474.7 nm to 255.8 nm while the molecular weight remained unaffected. The results of intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and surface hydrophobicity indicated that ultrasonic treatment induced tertiary structural changes of the proteins in PPI. Emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index were found to be correlated fairly well with surface hydrophobicity (H₀) (r = 0.712 and r = 0.668, respectively).     

干燥方法对超微枣粉品质的影响

本文研究了变温压差膨化干燥、中短波红外干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式对超微枣粉品质的影响。结果发现:在物理特性方面,变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉的色泽最好,中短波红外干燥和变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉的粒径小,变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉具有较好的溶解性,真空冷冻干燥法超微枣粉的堆积密度最大。在营养成分方面:4种干燥方法制备的超微枣粉的营养成分较鲜样均有不同程度的下降,变温压差膨化干燥、中短波红外干燥和热风干燥超微枣粉的总糖含量较高,总酸含量无显著差异;真空冷冻干燥超微枣粉的维生素C和黄酮含量显著高于其他干燥方法;真空冷冻干燥和变温压差膨化干燥有利于超微枣粉中环磷酸腺苷的保存。结论:变温压差膨化干燥超微枣粉的综合品质优于其他3种枣粉,该工艺生产效率高、成本低,是超微枣粉生产中较适宜的干燥工艺。     

黑龙江省绿豆主产区土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评估

为了解黑龙江省绿豆主产区土壤重金属污染状况,选择黑龙江省泰来县、杜蒙县、龙江县和大庆四个主要绿豆种植区,对0~20 cm处土壤进行取样分析,测定土壤样本的pH值、有机质和重金属含量,以国家《土壤环境质量/农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》（GB 15618-2018）为背景值,采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对研究地区土壤中七种重金属铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、砷、镍进行风险评价。结果表明：0~20 cm土壤中,土壤pH平均值为8.04,有机质含量平均值为2.21%,土壤呈弱碱性;研究区土壤重金属铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、砷、镍含量范围分别为4.40~25.88 mg/kg、27.16~66.97 mg/kg、0.06~0.19 mg/kg、11.36~19.19 mg/kg、11.63~69.95 mg/kg、10.46~58.92 mg/kg、7.03~33.63 mg/kg,其中砷含量超过国家标准规定的风险筛选值;综合污染指数值范围为0.98~1.24,属于轻度污染水平;综合潜在生态风险指数范围为20.03~23.95,小于80,潜在生态危害轻微。黑龙江省绿豆主产区土壤重金属污染程度总体处于轻度污染水平。     

不同干燥技术对核桃粕蛋白粉品质特性及微观结构的影响

以核桃粕为原料,采用热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥4 种干燥技术制备核桃粕蛋白粉,考察不同干燥技术对核桃粕蛋白粉品质特性及微观结构的影响。结果表明：热风和热泵干燥制备的核桃粕蛋白粉吸水率较低,易贮藏,但色泽和品质较差,呈现大小不一的不规则块状结构,且表面结构粗糙;真空冷冻干燥获得的核桃粕蛋白粉集粉率、蛋白质量分数和必需氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均为最高,分别为29.18%、87.70%和24.61、86.11 g/100 g,水分质量分数最低（3.05%）,但粉体色泽不佳,呈表面光滑的片层微观结构、颗粒较大;喷雾干燥制备获得的核桃粕蛋白粉虽集粉率最低,但感官评价总分、L*值、水分质量分数、比表面积、吸水率最高,分别为75 分、90.63、3.91%、271.47 m2/kg、2.16%,营养品质较好,润湿性最小（139.33 s）,粒径小且均匀,微观结构保持较好。综合考虑核桃粕蛋白粉品质特性、微观结构、干燥效率及生产能耗,喷雾干燥是制备核桃粕蛋白粉的最佳选择。     

超微粉碎对冬枣粉芳香成分的影响

采用固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用法(SPME-GC-MS),测定了中短波红外干燥和变温压差膨化干燥的冬枣粉在超微粉碎后芳香成分的变化。结果表明,从中短波红外干燥普通粉碎枣粉中检测到38种芳香成分,超微粉碎枣粉中检测到44种芳香成分;从变温压差膨化干燥普通粉碎枣粉中检测到35种芳香成分,超微粉碎枣粉中检测到51种芳香成分。枣粉在超微粉碎后,酚类化合物、醇类化合物和烷烃类化合物的含量均有明显增加;酯类化合物,酸类化合物和醛类化合物的含量均有明显降低。     

UV-C处理抑制马铃薯贮藏期发芽及相关机理研究

为提高马铃薯的食用安全性和贮藏品质,本实验研究了短波紫外线(ultraviolet C,UV-C)处理对马铃薯贮藏过程中发芽品质的影响。采用10 kJ/m2 UV-C对马铃薯进行一次处理(贮藏前),二次处理(贮藏前及中期),并测定发芽率、还原糖、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚、赤霉素、α-茄碱等指标。结果表明,UV-C处理能够有效抑制马铃薯贮藏过程中的发芽,同时延缓赤霉素和α-茄碱的上升。二次处理组贮藏至90 d时,薯皮和肉质部分的α-茄碱含量仅为对照组的71.09%、65.75%;105 d时发芽率为68.78%,还原糖含量为0.40%,失重率为4.71%,贮藏品质均优于对照组和一次处理组。综上所述,当处理剂量和方式适宜时,UV-C可在马铃薯发芽控制及品质保持方面获得良好效果,其中二次处理更具优势。     

桃汁贮藏期间的品质变化研究

为探讨桃汁贮藏期间品质的变化,将鲜桃汁灭菌后分别贮藏在4℃、25℃和37℃下,检测并分析桃汁贮藏期间的理化指标、营养成分和香气成分的变化。发现在4℃、25℃和37℃下,桃汁的褐变度分别增加了0.14、0.33和0.56;总糖分别降解了49.06%、53.59%和57.19%;维生素C分别降解了46.27%、43.05%和51.06%;蛋白质分别降解了31.82%、57.14%和64.00%;总酸含量变化很小。桃汁在贮藏过程中,贮藏温度和贮藏时间对褐变度、总糖、维生素C、蛋白质、总酚、果胶等含量的变化均有极显著影响(p0.01)。在对桃汁贮藏期间香气成分变化的研究中,共鉴定出35种香气成分。新鲜桃汁具有较好的香气,其特征香气十一烷-4-内酯达到1.25%,5-癸内酯达到4.45%。贮藏40 d后,4℃下鉴定出的香气成分占总质量分数的79.90%,25℃下鉴定出的香气成分占总质量分数的60.14%,37℃下鉴定出的香气成分占总质量分数的54.59%。因此,低温贮藏有助于桃汁品质地保持。     

蓝莓-蓝靛果复合冻干粉贮藏期品质及加工特性

研究蓝莓-蓝靛果复合果粉在不同贮藏温度（4、25、37 ℃）及相对湿度（relative humidity,Hr）（43%、75%、95%）下贮藏12 周内玻璃化转变温度（Tg）、亮度、抗氧化能力及抗氧化物质含量的变化规律,并对其贮藏过程中的粉体行为进行表征。结果表明：相比于其他贮藏条件,25 ℃、Hr 43%（Tg降低4.62 ℃）和4 ℃、Hr 75%（水分质量分数上升4.2%）条件下复合果粉贮藏12 周后在基本理化指标方面表现较佳;在对抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化能力影响方面,随贮藏时间延长,不同条件处理组总酚和总黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力下降;在对花色苷含量影响方面,与贮藏前相比,25 ℃、Hr 43%条件下贮藏12 周后6 种花色苷及总花色苷降解量最低（总花色苷含量（72.56 mg/g）降低了23.92%）,4 ℃、Hr 75 %条件下贮藏12 周后总花色苷含量保留率较高;在加工特性方面,25 ℃、Hr 43%及4 ℃、Hr 75 %条件下贮藏12 周后样品的流动性保持较好。综上表明4 ℃、Hr 75%和25 ℃、Hr 43%的环境利于复合果粉贮藏。