GM(1,1)与自回归模型在位移监测中的应用

通过分析建筑物位移监测数据的特点,采用GM(1,1)和自回归模型对建筑物位移监测数据进行处理,实现了两种数据处理模型的建模过程,并用于建筑物位移变化量的实际预测,验证了模型的可行性.     

林业勘界测量技术规范中GPS平面控制网技术指标确定方法研究

根据林业勘界测量技术规范参照工程测量规范制定的思想,给出了林业勘界测量中GPS平面控制网设计的原则,在此基础上,针对目前国内GPS平面控制网技术指标的确定没有给出具体计算公式的不足,提出了林业勘界测量中GPS平面控制网的主要技术指标与中间最弱点点位中误差的关系式,并使用工程测量规范中已知的相关技术参数对推导出的关系式进...     

某特种工程天线基础的精密放样与调整

某特种工程的两个子工程相隔距离超过100km,天线基础定位、定向的控制指标高.如果工程定位、定向满足不了控制指标的要求,该工程将会报废.通过分析发现天线基础从放样到竣工,误差来源主要为测量误差和施工误差.对可能出现的影响天线基础定位、定向的各种因素进行误差估算,制定了合理的技术方案,使用不同种类的机加工配件降低了施工难度,使得天线基础施工效果达到了较高精度.     

基于卡尔曼滤波的导航道路地图匹配方法研究

定位数据与地图数据不符是地图匹配致力解决的问题,目前还没有理想的通用匹配算法,本文针对匹配过程中传统方法对于误差处理的不足,探讨了卡尔曼滤波的相关应用问题,考虑了将动态滤波技术引入地图匹配的直接模式和间接模式,使道路形状相关与道路形状无关情况都可以得到有效地处理,对线性系统和非线性系统都适应,这种对动态系统中观测误差、系统误差进行处理的有效方法,在模拟实验中取得了较好的结果。     

卫星角反射器的设计

以角反射器远场衍射理论为依据,提出了利用角反射器参数补偿速差的技术方案。即通过改变角反射器参数的大小,使得接收光斑的极值中心刚好回到测站位置,以弥补速差效应的影响。采用角反射器衍射光学理论与采用传统理论所得的卫星角反射器补偿角之间存在差异,这种差异随着轨道高度的不同而发生变化。以德国Champ卫星上角反射器为例,运用角反射器衍射光学理论进行了设计,设计所得的单角误差-3.70″与Champ卫星提供的-3.8″非常相近,而且按两者结果模拟得到的接收强度仅相差0.6%,从而验证了设计方法的正确性和可靠性。     

Discharge evaluation from pressure measurements by a genetic algorithm based method

This paper presents an alternative to the Gibson method, for discharge estimation of a turbine inside a hydropower plant. The method proposes a genetic algorithm which includes an integration procedure for the water hammer equations using the method of characteristics. The decision variables are represented by the steady-state regime discharge before the valve closure and the pipe friction factor. The recordings of pressure/differential pressure in measuring sections are used.The method was verified by a numerical experiment and then validated with the measured data in a laboratory experiment at NTNU, Norway.     

Automatic non-rigid registration of multi-strip point clouds from mobile laser scanning systems

Mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems equipped with precise Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) positioning devices are being used at an increasing rate for production of the high-accurate driving maps because of its safety and high performance in collection of 3D spatial data. In practice, GNSS signals may be blocked out by trees or buildings etc., and the errors of IMU are accumulated over time, leading to misalignments ranging from decimetre level to sub-metre level between point clouds from back and forth scans, or among multiple excursions. In this article, we propose a new time-variant model and an automatic solution to align the multi-strip MLS point clouds. Our methods are divided into three key steps: preprocessing to get representative points, two-step Iterative Closest Point registration to obtain correspondences, and time-variant errors estimation and correction of point clouds. We verified the solution using test data scanned in city road and highway environment. The experimental results demonstrate that the precision of the point clouds is significantly improved and the root mean square errors are about 4–5 cm.     

Horizontal bottomed semi-cubic parabolic channel and best hydraulic section

This paper presents a new channel section having semi-cubic parabolic sides and horizontal bottom. The formulae for calculating the area, wetted perimeter are presented. The best hydraulic section is derived using three variables (water depth, water surface width and horizontal bottom width). Results show the ratios of the water surface width to depth, bottom width to depth and water surface width to bottom are all constant for the best hydraulic section. Explicit equations of the best hydraulic section for design are also deduced. Examples show these explicit equations are convenient for design. This type of best hydraulic section is compared with the trapezoid and classic semi-cubic parabolic sections. Results indicate that the area and wetted perimeter are less than those of trapezoid and classic semi-cubic parabolic sections for a given flow discharge. It means less lining and excavation cost is required for construction.     

Precise Orbit Determination for the FY-3C Satellite Using Onboard BDS and GPS Observations from 2013, 2015, and 2017

Using the FengYun-3C (FY-3C) onboard BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) data from 2013 to 2017, this study investigates the performance and contribution of BDS to precise orbit determination (POD) for a low-Earth orbit (LEO). The overlap comparison result indicates that code bias correction of BDS can improve the POD accuracy by 12.4%. The multi-year averaged one-dimensional (1D) root mean square (RMS) of the overlapping orbit differences (OODs) for the GPS-only solution is 2.0, 1.7, and 1.5 cm, respectively, during the 2013, 2015, and 2017 periods. The 1D RMS for the BDS-only solution is 150.9, 115.0, and 47.4 cm, respectively, during the 2013, 2015, and 2017 periods, which is much worse than the GPS-only solution due to the regional system of BDS and the few BDS channels of the FY-3C receiver. For the BDS and GPS combined solution (also known as the GC combined solution), the averaged 1D RMS is 2.5, 2.3, and 1.6 cm, respectively, in 2013, 2015, and 2017, while the GC combined POD presents a significant accuracy improvement after the exclusion of geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites. The main reason for the improvement seen after this exclusion is the unfavorable satellite tracking geometry and poor orbit accuracy of GEO satellites. The accuracy of BDS-only and GC combined solutions have gradually improved from 2013 to 2017, thanks to improvements in the accuracy of International GNSS Service (IGS) orbit and clock products in recent years, especially the availability of a high-frequency satellite clock product (30 s sampling interval) since 2015. Moreover, the GC POD (without GEO) was able to achieve slightly better accuracy than the GPS-only POD in 2017, indicating that the fusion of BDS and GPS observations can improve the accuracy of LEO POD. GC combined POD can significantly improve the reliability of LEO POD, simply due to system redundancy. An increased contribution of BDS to LEO POD can be expected with the launch of more BDS satellites and with further improvements in the accuracy of BDS satellite products in the near future.     

Studies of precipitable water vapour characteristics on a global scale

Atmospheric water vapour plays an important role in hydrological, global climate change, atmospheric, and meteorological processes. In this study, precipitable water vapour (PWV) data set for 2004–2017 was first estimated with an average accuracy of about 1.28 mm globally using the products provided by the International Global Navigation Satellite System Service and Global Geodetic Observation System Atmosphere and then the spatio-temporal trends of PWV variation were characterized. Periodic signals of the annual, semi-annual, and seasonal variations of PWV time series were detected based on the Lomb–Scargle periodogram and analysed by dividing the whole world into five geographical zones. From a global perspective, the average PWV has an increasing trend, which may be caused by global warming effects and anthropogenic activities. Analysis of different PWV amplitudes also shows that the main component of the PWV is annual amplitude except in low latitude zones. In addition, the PWV differences between weekends and weekdays for four seasons are also analysed globally, and the result indicates that the weekend effects caused by anthropogenic activity depend on season and region