非饱和土二、三维固结方程简化计算方法

针对非饱和土的固结问题的复杂性,为了计算的简化,将非饱和土固结分为3个阶段:初期压密、气压消散和水压消散。假定前两个阶段是瞬间完成的,其后独立考虑水压的消散。分别建立3个阶段的二、三维控制方程,以计算各阶段的气压、水压、骨架应力、相应的土体变形和水量变化。算例的计算结果表明本文方法简便、实用。该简化方法主要适用于饱和度不太高的非饱和土,而对饱和度较高的非饱和土,由于气压消散过程较长,不宜采用。     

体外CFRP筋预应力混凝土箱梁长期受力性能试验研究

碳纤维(CFRP)筋具有优异的物理力学性能,可用于替代传统的预应力钢筋。制作了体外配置碳纤维筋预应力混凝土箱梁模型,对持续均布荷载作用箱梁的截面应力重分布、长期挠曲变形及裂缝发展等规律进行了1001 d的试验观测。基于素混凝土柱体的实测徐变系数,运用双线性法和曲率法分别对试验箱梁的长期挠曲变形进行预测。试验结果表明:受压钢筋应变较初值增长225%～268%,受拉钢筋的应变较初值增长36.2～38.6%,混凝土表面压应变较初值增长164%～224%。按现行设计规范计算长期荷载作用特征裂缝宽度较实测值偏小11.8%～55.5%。跨中长期挠曲变形实测值为初始变形的2.32～2.42倍,较现行设计规范取值偏大18.5%。     

非线性FCA模型在流域水资源冲突风险评价中的应用

介绍模糊矩阵合成算子的性质及其在评价中的实际意义。建立了流域水资源冲突风险评价的指标体系。在改进层次分析法的基础上,用非线性模糊综合评价模型对资水流域水资源冲突风险进行了评价。评价结果表明,所建模型对于涉及水量、水质、生态与体制等多因子的流域水资源冲突风险评价具有良好的适用性,可反映不同指标对评价结果的突出影响,弥补了线性加权模糊综合评价模型的不足,使评价结果更可靠。该模型可在不同流域不同时期和不同条件下的水资源冲突风险综合评价中推广应用。     

The impact of relative radiometric calibration on the accuracy of kNN-predictions of forest attributes

The k-nearest-neighbour (kNN) algorithm is widely applied for the estimation of forest attributes using remote sensing data. It requires a large amount of reference data to achieve satisfactory results. Usually, the number of available reference plots for the kNN-prediction is limited by the size of the area covered by a terrestrial reference inventory and remotely sensed imagery collected from one overflight. The applicability of kNN could be enhanced if adjacent images of different acquisition dates could be used in the same estimation procedure. Relative radiometric calibration is a prerequisite for this. This study focuses on two empirical calibration methods. They are tested on adjacent LANDSAT TM scenes in Austria. The first, quite conventional one is based on radiometric control points in the overlap area of two images and on the determination of transformation parameters by linear regression. The other, recently developed method exploits the kNN-cross-validation procedure. Performance and applicability of both methods as well as the impact of phenology are discussed.     

一种新型模具加工及装配工艺方法

通过对多种模具装配方式进行对比,提出了一种新型的模具加工及装配方法,在实际生产中取得了很好的效果。     

Advances in titanium metal injection molding

The approaches to production of titanium powder injection molded parts are reviewed. Historically, oxygen levels have been too high for structural use (particularly with the Ti-6Al-4V alloy). However, recent advances in starting powders, binders and sintering facilities now allow oxygen levels in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy to be controlled to about 0.2 wt.% oxygen. This should result in significant expansion of the titanium PIM market place into aerospace, automobiles, surgical instruments, dentistry, communication devices (such as computers and cell phones), knives and guns. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Vol. 46, No. 5–6 (455), pp. 118–125, 2007.     

电化学腐蚀法制备微细群圆柱

提出了微细群圆柱结构电化学腐蚀加工法及其形状和尺寸控制方式。根据电化学腐蚀基本原理,通过有限元分析计算群圆柱电化学腐蚀加工过程中的电场分布,优化设计阴极形状。开展了电化学腐蚀法制备微细群圆柱结构的工艺试验,获得了良好的试验结果。     

Finite element modelling of skeletal muscles coupled with fatigue

In this study, Hill's muscle theory coupled with fatigue was proposed to describe mechanical behaviours of skeletal muscles. The force developed by a fatigued muscle was described by a muscle fatigue formula which was a time function of the activation α_a and the stretch λ. The modified Hill's muscle theory was hence incorporated into a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model using the PAK finite element code. In this paper, the theoretical derivation of the 3D muscle model was firstly described. After presenting the method of establishing the finite element programme, a case example of studying the mechanical response of a frog gastrocnemius muscle was used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. The effects of the muscle fatigue on the deformation as well as the stress and strain distribution of the frog muscle subject to a cyclic activation function have been determined. An experiment capturing the real-time shape change of a frog muscle was also conducted to assess the applicability of the proposed method. A comparison between the deformed shapes of the predictive model and the frog muscles was also made. It was shown that the method is capable of providing a reasonable model for describing the mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscles.