1960-2016年贵州喀斯特山区干旱时空动态分析

干旱是造成喀斯特地区损失最为严重的自然灾害之一。以我国西南喀斯特集中分布区域为研究区,基于研究区33个气象站1960-2016年的逐日降水数据,利用PA指数和Mann-Kendall检验方法分析了1960-2016年干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:研究区降雨量有减少趋势,PA指数呈减小趋势,干旱呈增强趋势,2011年PA均值最小;研究区各季干旱强度均呈上升趋势,且冬旱强度最强、发生干旱年份最多,秋旱次之,春旱和夏旱强度较弱、发生干旱的年份较少;年际干旱频次高发区集中于研究区南部、西北部及中东部地区;仅秋、冬季西部和东南部部分地区出现特旱且频次低,秋、冬季发生重旱、中旱和轻旱的频次高,春、夏季较低;春季干旱频次西高东低,夏季中部高,秋季南高北低,冬季西高东低;干旱与地形因子显著相关,重、特旱易发生在高陡地区。综上所述,研究区干旱有增强趋势且秋、冬季趋势较强,空间上呈现明显的季节性和区域性,且与地形因子显著相关。     

Comparison of soil moisture at different depths for drought monitoring based on improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index

To better understand the characteristics and mechanisms of droughts at different drought stages, this study selected the Xiangjiang River Basin in China as the study area, and evaluated soil moisture (SM) at different depths for drought monitoring, through SM data simulated with the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. To solve the problem of unreasonable drought/wetness classifications based on the soil moisture anomaly percentage index (SMAPI), an improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index (ISMAPI) was developed by introducing the Box–Cox transformation. The drought/wetness frequency generated by ISMAPI demonstrated preferable spatial comparability in comparison with those from SMAPI. The lag time of ISMAPI relative to the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index was closely related to soil depth, and was characterized by a fast response in shallow soil layers and a relatively slow response in deep soil layers. SM in shallow soil layers provided a measure for monitoring short-term droughts, whereas SM in deep soil layers provided a better measure for long-term persistent drought events. Furthermore, the occurrence and mitigation time of drought events identified by SM in deep soil layers usually lagged behind that identified by SM in shallow soil layers. Compared with deep SM, SM in shallow soil layers responded faster to meteorological anomalies, thereby resulting in shorter periods of SM persistence in shallow soil layers than in deep soil layers. This can explain the differences of SM at different depths in drought monitoring.     

数值模拟铸件充型过程中的液/固两相流动

铸造过程中熔融金属内的固体渣粒的运动轨迹是非常重要的。文中给出了粒子传输轨迹的数学模型,该数学模型采用显示法来确定粒子的位置。模拟研究结果与用其它数学模型的模拟结果比较,吻合良好。该模型可用于固体粒子位置的确定,并应用到SUTCAST软件中。     

Mensuration and simulation of mold filling process in semi-solid die-cast of aluminum alloy

To understand the flow trace of semi-solid slurry in mold cavity, some thermocouples were inserted in mold cavity, and the reaction timing of thermocouples showed the arrival of fluid. The filling time and rate were estimated by comparison between the experiment and calculation. The introduction of computer simulation technique based on ADSTEFAN was to predict injectionforming process and to prevent defects during trial manufacture of various parts. By comparing the formed appearance of parts in experiment and in simulation, and observing the relationship between internal defects inspected by X-ray or microscope and the flow field obtained in simulation, it was indicated that both have quite good agreement in simulation and experiment. Right predictions for cast defects resulted from mold filling can be carried out and proper direction was also proposed. The realization of numerical visualization for filling process during semi-solid die-cast process will play an important role in optimizing technology plan.     

筑坝细粒填料的含水率对连续压实指标的影响

为研究筑坝细粒填料的含水率对土石坝连续压实控制技术的影响,根据相似理论开展了室内模拟试验,研究了振动测值在不同填料含水率下的变化规律。通过线性回归分析,研究了填料含水率变化对相关性校准的影响及与不同类别连续压实控制指标的适用性。结果表明：（1）相同振动压实条件下VCV（vibration compaction value）指标受填料含水率影响较小,但Ks指标正好相反;（2）在现场碾压过程中采用CMV（compaction meter value）和CCV（compaction control value）指标时要保证填料含水率不超过最优含水率;（3）填料含水率在最优含水率变化幅度不大于2%时,CCV和VCV（vibratory control value）指标与压实度K具有强相关性;（4）在土石坝碾压中确定细颗粒填料的连续压实指标时,要重视填料含水率对指标的影响规律。     

A level set based immersed boundary method for simulation of non-isothermal viscoelastic melt filling process

In this work, the polymer melt filling process is simulated by using a coupled finite volume and level-set based immersed boundary (LS-IB) method. Firstly, based on a shape level set (LS) function to represent the mold boundary, a LS-IB method is developed to model the complex mold walls. Then the non-isothermal melt filling process is simulated based on non-Newtonian viscoelastic equations with differ-ent Reynolds numbers in a circular cavity with a solid core, and the effects of Reynolds number on the flow patterns of polymer melt are presented and compared with each other. And then for a true polymer melt with a small Reynolds number that varies with melt viscosity, the moving interface, the temperature distributions and the molecular deformation are shown and analyzed in detail. At last, as a commonly used application case, a socket cavity with seven inserts is investigated. The corresponding physical quantities, such as the melt velocity, molecular deformation, normal stresses, first normal stress differ-ence, temperature distributions and frozen layer are analyzed and discussed. The results could provide some predictions and guidance for the polymer processing industry.     

铜尾矿库尾矿全粒径规模化低碳消纳研究*

某大型矿冶集团针对该集团铜尾矿库尾矿大量堆存,安全环境风险突出,新建尾矿库选址困难、尾矿消纳途径有限等问题,通过长期摸索研究和对铜尾矿库尾矿粒径分布、成分、化学属性、浸出毒性和放射性等因素进行分析,探索出通过胶凝改造技术充填、制备公路工程无机结合料和铜尾矿资源脱硫分级综合利用的低碳材料消纳模式,尾矿库尾砂能够全粒径规模化消纳利用。单位产品分别消纳尾矿0.075t/t、0.1275 t/t和1t/t,降碳1.564t/t、0.054t/t和0.5195t/t,并分别具有40.0971元/t、12.1235元/t和14.4653元/t的环境正效益,同时协同处置了大量其他固体废物,真正实现了铜尾矿全粒径规模化增值消纳,在全国范围内有很好的借鉴意义。     

某铜矿主矿体采矿方法优化选择研究

针对某铜矿主矿体500 m水平西区域复杂难采矿体,提出了进路式上向分层充填采矿法、脉内凿岩出矿巷低分段空场小步距回采嗣后充填法及脉外凿岩出矿巷低分段空场小步距回采嗣后充填法三种可行开采方案,并对三种采矿方案的采场布置、采切工程、回采工艺等进行了详细的介绍。对比分析三种采矿方法的优缺点和技术经济指标,优选出进路式上向水平分层充填采矿法进行开采。该采矿方法回采过程中采用浅孔爆破,能较好地保护上盘不稳定含砂层,工人作业环境安全性高,且其采切比、贫化损失相对较低,出矿品位较高,综合效益明显。     

半固态A356合金微观组织特征对充型能力的影响

采用电磁搅拌法制备了具有不同微观组织特征的半固态A356合金浆料,用图像分析软件对浇注前浆料金相试样的初生相微观组织特征进行了测定,利用间接挤压铸造方法铸造阿基米德螺旋线试样,以挤压成形后的螺旋线试样长度衡量充型能力,通过多元回归,建立了半固态A356合金初生相微观组织特征与充型长度之间的数学表达式。结果表明:半固态浆料充型能力不仅与初生相微观组织特征参数有关,微观组织特征参数的交互作用对充型能力的影响也较大。利用该表达式可以对半固态浆料充型能力进行预测,进而指导半固态浆料制备参数设计、间接挤压铸造工艺设计和缺陷预测。     

Filling and solidification of TiAl melt in centrifugal field

A model was established based on the combination of the equation of continuity, the equation of conservation of momentum and the equation of general energy to describe the filling and solidification of TiAl melt by permanent mold centrifugal casting. The model was solved numerically and the filling and solidification processes in the centrifugal field were discussed. The results indicate that the centrifugal field essentially influences the filling and solidification processes of TiAl melt. The melt will first fill the cavity along the back boundary until it reaches the end. After the end is fully filled, the whole cavity will be filled gradually by the way that free surface of the melt moves towards the entrance, hence the entrance is the last part to be filled. Furthermore, the mechanism by which internal defects can be formed in centrifugally cast TiAl components were interpreted.