WC体积分数对WC_p/Fe复合材料组织及压缩性能的影响

为研究WC体积分数对WC_p/Fe复合材料组织、界面及压缩性能的影响,采用粉末烧结法制备了不同WC体积分数的WC_p/Fe复合材料。结果表明:在不同WC体积分数的WC_p/Fe复合材料中,WC颗粒发生了不同程度的溶解,其与基体间均呈冶金结合。随着WC体积分数的增加,WC_p/Fe复合材料的界面等效宽度呈现递减趋势,当WC体积分数为50%时,界面等效宽度最小,为39.8μm;复合材料的压缩强度呈先增大后减小趋势,当WC体积分数达到45%时,压缩强度达到最大值;复合材料的断裂方式由准解理断裂逐渐转向纯解理断裂,当WC体积分数达到50%时,WC_p/Fe复合材料的断裂方式为纯解理断裂。     

磷含量对真空蒸镀磷掺杂多晶硅薄膜的影响

采用真空蒸镀的方法制备磷掺杂多晶硅薄膜,研究了磷含量对多晶硅薄膜的表面形貌、组织结构、晶粒尺寸及晶化率的影响。结果表明:随着磷掺杂分数的增加,多晶硅薄膜的晶粒尺寸和晶化率表现出先增加后降低的趋势,当磷掺杂分数为1%时,薄膜晶粒尺寸达到最大值,为0.55μm,晶化率为96.82%,且晶粒的均匀性最佳。     

WC_p含量对粉末冶金Cu/WC_p复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

通过粉末冶金热压烧结法制备高压电触头Cu/WC_p颗粒增强复合材料,研究WC_p颗粒含量(15%和3%,体积分数,下同)对Cu/WC_p复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,并结合SEM进行断口分析;利用原位SEM疲劳裂纹观测系统原位观察微裂纹萌生,分析颗粒对裂纹扩展路径的影响机制。结果表明:在相同应力强度因子幅(△K)下WC_p含量为15%的Cu/WC_p的疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于WC_p含量为3%的复合材料;颗粒含量的增加并没有提高复合材料的裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(th),这主要是因为颗粒和基体的界面属于弱界面;在疲劳过程中颗粒脱粘形成裂纹源,不同脱牯微裂纹连接长大形成主裂纹是Cu/WC_p颗粒增强复合材料的疲劳损伤形式;当主裂纹尖端和颗粒WC_p相互作用时裂纹基本沿着颗粒界面往前扩展;复合材料的断裂模式从WC_p低含量3%时的颗粒脱粘-裂纹在基体里穿晶断裂,过渡为WC_p高含量15%时颗粒脱粘-基体被撕裂为主。     

硼硫共渗对渗硼层组织和性能的影响

通过金相分析、硬度测试、磨损测定,研究了硼硫共渗对渗硼层组织和性能的影响。结果表明：在渗硼剂中加入Ｎａ２Ｓ２Ｏ３,对渗硼工艺过程具有促进作用,能降低渗硼温度,缩短渗硼时间,且硼硫共渗可降低摩擦系数,从而扩大了渗硼工艺的应用范围     

On-column solvent exchange for purified preparative fractions

On-column solvent exchange, using many of the principles of solid-phase extraction, has been implemented to significantly reduce evaporation cycle time following reverse-phase preparative HPLC. Additional benefits, such as a reduced potential for salt formation, thermal decomposition, and residual solvent, are also described. Fractions obtained from preparative separations, typically in a large volume of acetonitrile:water, are injected into the preparative HPLC and then eluted in acetonitrile, creating a new fraction in a volatile organic solvent. Minimal modification to the instrument was required, and unattended operation is possible. Acetonitrile evaporation is achieved within 3 h, compared with 17 h for aqueous-based fractions; lower temperatures can be used during the evaporation step; mobile-phase additives, likely to form salts with the target compound if concentrated in the fraction, are removed before evaporation; sample recovery and purity are unaffected.     

Remote sensing of photosynthetic light-use efficiency across two forested biomes: Spatial scaling

Eddy covariance (EC) measurements have greatly advanced our knowledge of carbon exchange in terrestrial ecosystems. However, appropriate techniques are required to upscale these spatially discrete findings globally. Satellite remote sensing provides unique opportunities in this respect, but remote sensing of the photosynthetic light-use efficiency (ε), one of the key components of Gross Primary Production, is challenging. Some progress has been made in recent years using the photochemical reflectance index, a narrow waveband index centered at 531 and 570 nm. The high sensitivity of this index to various extraneous effects such as canopy structure, and the view observer geometry has so far prevented its use at landscape and global scales. One critical aspect of upscaling PRI is the development of generic algorithms to account for structural differences in vegetation. Building on previous work, this study compares the differences in the PRI: ? relationship between a coastal Douglas-fir forest located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and a mature Aspen stand located in central Saskatchewan, Canada. Using continuous, tower-based observations acquired from an automated multi-angular spectro-radiometer (AMSPEC II) installed at each site, we demonstrate that PRI can be used to measure ? throughout the vegetation season at the DF-49 stand (r² = 0.91, p < 0.00) as well as the deciduous site (r² = 0.88, p < 0.00). It is further shown that this PRI signal can be also observed from space at both sites using daily observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) and a multi-angular implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) (r² = 0.54 DF-49; r² = 0.63 SOA; p < 0.00). By implementing a simple hillshade model derived from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to approximate canopy shadow fractions (α_s), it is further demonstrated that the differences observed in the relationship between PRI and ε at DF-49 and SOA can be attributed largely to differences in α_s. The findings of this study suggest that algorithms used to separate physiological from extraneous effects in PRI reflectance may be more broadly applicable and portable across these two climatically and structurally different biome types, when the differences in canopy structure are known.     

自适应残差图像的分数阶全变分去噪算法

目的 全变分（TV）去噪模型具有较好的去噪效果,但对于图像的弱边缘和纹理细节的保持不够理想。自适应分数阶全变分（AFTV）模型根据图像局部信息,区分图像的纹理区域和非纹理区域,自适应计算投影算法中的软阈值,可较好地保持图像的弱边缘和纹理细节,但该方法当噪声增大时“阶梯”效应比较明显,弱边缘和纹理细节保持效果不够理想。针对该问题,提出一种改进的分数阶全变分去噪算法。方法 该算法在计算残差图像时,用分数阶全变分模型替代整数一阶全变分模型,并根据较精确的残差图像的局部方差区分图像纹理区域和平坦区域,使保真项参数的自适应选取更加合理,提高了算法的去噪性能。结果 针对3种不同类型的噪声图像,将本文模型与TV模型和AFTV模型进行对比实验,并采用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）评定去噪效果和纹理保持能力。对于高斯噪声图像,本文算法在PSNR方面比TV模型和AFTV模型分别可平均提高2.72 dB和1.38 dB,SSIM分别可平均提高0.047和0.020。对于椒盐噪声图像,本文算法结合中值滤波算法在PSNR和SSIM方面比传统中值滤波算法分别可平均提高1.308 dB和0.011。对于泊松噪声图像,本文算法在PSNR、SSIM方面与AFTV较接近,比TV分别可提高1.59 dB和0.005。结论 通过对添加不同类型的噪声图像进行实验,结果表明提出的算法在去噪性能上与TV和AFTV相比均有较大提高,尤其对于噪声较大的图像效果更为显著,在去噪效率上与AFTV的时间复杂度相当,时耗接近略有降低。且本文算法普适性较好,能有效去除多种典型类型的噪声。     

Ensemble data assimilation in the presence of cloud

In numerical weather prediction (NWP) data assimilation (DA) methods are used to combine available observations with numerical model estimates. This is done by minimising measures of error on both observations and model estimates with more weight given to data that can be more trusted. For any DA method an estimate of the initial forecast error covariance matrix is required. For convective scale data assimilation, however, the properties of the error covariances are not well understood.An effective way to investigate covariance properties in the presence of convection is to use an ensemble-based method for which an estimate of the error covariance is readily available at each time step. In this work, we investigate the performance of the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) in the presence of cloud growth applied to an idealised 1D convective column model of the atmosphere. We show that the EnSRF performs well in capturing cloud growth, but the ensemble does not cope well with discontinuities introduced into the system by parameterised rain. The state estimates lose accuracy, and more importantly the ensemble is unable to capture the spread (variance) of the estimates correctly. We also find, counter-intuitively, that by reducing the spatial frequency of observations and/or the accuracy of the observations, the ensemble is able to capture the states and their variability successfully across all regimes.     

Fraction-free matrix factors: new forms for LU and QR factors

Gaussian elimination and LU factoring have been greatly studied from the algorithmic point of view, but much less from the point view of the best output format. In this paper, we give new output formats for fraction free LU factoring and for QR factoring. The formats and the algorithms used to obtain them are valid for any matrix system in which the entries are taken from an integral domain, not just for integer matrix systems. After discussing the new output format of LU factoring, the complexity analysis for the fraction free algorithm and fraction free output is given. Our new output format contains smaller entries than previously suggested forms, and it avoids the gcd computations required by some other partially fraction free computations. As applications of our fraction free algorithm and format, we demonstrate how to construct a fraction free QR factorization and how to solve linear systems within a given domain.     

低铬X70管线钢组织及其抗CO2

为了明确Cr的质量分数高低对埋地用输油输气管线钢性能的影响,设计了4种Cr的质量分数的X70管线钢,研究了不同Cr的质量分数下管线钢组织及其力学性能,并采用高温高压反应釜进行了实验钢的CO₂腐蚀试验.结果表明：钢中加入0.1%~0.8%的Cr后,其组织均由针状铁素体和准多边形铁素体构成,Cr元素均呈现明显的沿晶界分布状态;随着Cr的质量分数的增加,钢板强度随之升高,晶界中Cr分布密度随之增大,Cr（OH）₃在腐蚀产物膜中的富集量增加,促使钢板的平均腐蚀速率降低;同时由于Cr（OH）₃可以有效阻碍阴离子穿透腐蚀产物膜,因而大大减少了Cl-的催化作用导致的点蚀,使得钢板点蚀速率明显降低.