两种在用发动机油氧化衰变情况监控方法对比分析

分析了两种常用监控在用发动机油氧化衰变情况的试验方法，并通过监控试验数据，探讨酸值和红外两种监测方法的各自特点，提出高档发动机油酸值变化极限值应区别于中低档发动机油的观点，为今后监控在用发动机油选用合适的试验方法和标准提供了参考。     

Alkylated ureas: mineralization and evaluation as N sources

An incubation experiment was conducted for 11 weeks to study the mineralization of ten alkylated ureas and urea in soil. Six of the alkylated ureas viz. methylurea(MU), 1,3-dimethylurea(1,3DMU), 1,1-dimethylurea(1,1DMU), ethylurea(EU), 1,3-diethylurea(1,3DEU) and butylurea(BU) and urea mineralized during the experiment. Urea mineralized immediately, while alkylated ureas mineralized after an incubation period ranging from less than a week to four weeks (delay period of mineralization). The delay period increased in the following sequence MU < 1,3DMU < EU < BU < 1,1DMU < 1,3DEU, but after the delay period was over the compounds mineralized almost as rapidly as urea. The delay period varied according to the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group and their position with respect to each other on the molecule. It appeared to be specific for each compound and was apparently not influenced by the presence of urea or other alkylated ureas. This character can be used to develop mixture of various alkylated ureas to obtain N mineralization at the desired time. Rapid evolution of CO₂ and N₂O was observed during the mineralization of urea as well as alkylated ureas. Increase in soil pH was also observed during this period. The simultaneous ocurrence of these events suggested the formation of urea as an intermediate during the mieralization of alkylated ureas. None of the alkylated ureas showed adverse affect on emergence of wheat seedlings and except DEU and BU at high concentration no other alkylated urea showed any adverse effect on initial growth of wheat seedlings.     

基于振动信号的水电机组状态劣化在线评估方法研究

实现水电机组状态劣化评估和故障预警是行业研究的热点。论文提出了一种结合时域与频域特征的机组劣化在线评估方法。(1)先利用检测指数确定振动信号中对机组运行状态最为敏感的时域特征;再以机组健康状态下工况参数X(水头、开度等)和检测指数筛选的振动信号时域特征Y为健康样本,利用最小二乘支持向量机构建机组状态健康模型Y=f(X)。基于该模型,以实时工况参数为输入,在线预测对应工况下机组振动信号时域特征健康值,计算健康值与实际值之间的相对误差,作为评估机组劣化程度的时域劣化指标。(2)利用小波变换与奇异值理论对振动信号进行分解,提取健康状态下机组振动信号奇异值特征向量并得到健康聚类中心,实时计算实测信号奇异值特征向量与健康聚类中心之间的相对欧式距离,作为频域劣化指标。结合时域和频域劣化指标,在线计算综合劣化指标评估当前时刻机组劣化程度。结合实际机组运行案例,验证了该模型的有效性和实用性。     

钢支撑支锚刚度对基坑围护结构的影响研究

为研究钢支撑支锚刚度对基坑围护结构的影响,文章以福州地铁潘墩站深基坑工程为背景,运用控制变量法,通过理正深基坑计算软件对不同钢支撑支锚刚度工况下深基坑进行计算分析,得出不同钢支撑支锚刚度下支护结构最大侧向位移、内力、基坑周边地表沉降及支撑轴力变化规律。研究结果表明:钢管内支撑刚度从200MN/m 2增加到600MN/m 2,钻孔灌注桩侧移量减小,地表沉降量降低,钻孔灌注桩迎土侧弯矩、背土侧弯矩呈减小趋势,钢支撑轴力增大,钢支撑对背土侧地下钻孔灌注桩的约束大于迎土侧。适当增加内支撑刚度可控制周边土体变形。     

A novel deep learning scheme for multi-condition remaining useful life prediction of rolling element bearings

The remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of a rolling element bearing is important for more reasonable maintenance of machinery and equipment. Generally, the information of a failure can hardly be acquired in advance while running and the degradation process varies in terms of different faults. Thus, fault identification is indispensable for a multi-condition RUL prediction, where, however, the fault identification and RUL prediction are separated in most studies. A new hybrid scheme is proposed in this paper for the multi-condition RUL prediction of rolling element bearings. The proposed scheme contains both classification and regression, where the 2D-DCNN based classifier and predictors are built concerning typical fault conditions of a bearing. For the online prediction, the raw signals are spanned in the time-frequency domain and then transferred into images as the input of the scheme. The classifier is used to monitor the vibration of rolling bearings for online fault recognition and excite the corresponding predictor for RUL prediction once a fault is detected. The output from the predictor is amended by the proposed adaptive delay correction method as the final prediction results. A demonstration is performed based on the XJTU-SY datasets and the results are compared with those from the state-of-the-art methods, which proves the superiority of the proposed scheme in improving the accuracy and linearity of RUL prediction. The time cost of the proposed online prediction scheme is also investigated and the results indicate high time effectiveness.     

基于混合卡尔曼滤波器组的航空发动机双通道传感器故障检测

基于机载非线性模型与分段线性卡尔曼滤波器混合组成的混合卡尔曼滤波器组,结合双通道传感器的特点,建立了民用航空发动机传感器故障诊断系统;给出故障诊断原理及算法的同时,将该系统应用于民用涡扇发动机传感器常见典型故障进行了仿真;仿真结果表明,诊断系统可以在发动机发生健康蜕化后,通过只简单更新机载模型的蜕化因子,而保持线性卡尔曼滤波器的参数不变,便能准确地检测和隔离各类传感器故障而不发生误报;该更新过程可以在线自动完成,省时省力,易于工程实现。     

立式钻铣床动力头设计与三维造型

多工位钻铣床实现了一台机床对一个零件做不同加工的功能,节省了机床,也缩小了占地面积,同时提高了加工精度和生产率,对工人劳动强度也降低很多。本设计中,钻头的固定采用拉杆式楔形固定,钻头采用套筒及主轴轴面为拉杆的结构,套筒外侧用绝缘胶固定了一个支撑架,钻头的动力由同步齿形带传递到钻头,比起万向轴传递动力要准确且刚性好。动力采用行星轮的传递方式,保证了各工位的同步工作,节省空间,本机构紧凑,各啮合齿轮之间中心距不超过100 mm,因而,用齿轮传动可以满足要求,这样可以用标准件对机床快速装配完工,对缩短加工周期有很大好处。     

一株秸秆纤维素降解菌株的筛选及其降解特性

纤维素是自然界一种最重要的可再生资源,本文从玉米地土壤中分离出 1 株产纤维素酶能力较强的菌株J-N3。以羧甲基纤维素为唯一碳源的分离培养基和刚果红染色法进行初筛,再将筛选到的菌株进行液体发酵培养并测定酶活。结合形态学特征与分子生物学鉴定结果得知,菌株J-N3为芽孢杆菌属( Bacillus)。并对其酶学性质进行初步研究,得到酶最适pH为6.0时,最适反应温度为50 ℃。玉米秸秆经菌株 J-N3处理20 d 时,秸秆失重率及纤维素分解率分别达到26.22%、31.01%。     

绳牵引刚柔式波浪补偿并联机构的设计与建模

为了减少海上集装箱货物运输中风浪造成的损坏,提出刚柔混合驱动主动式波浪补偿并联机构. 基于刚柔混合并联机构的动定平台的矩阵旋转原理和几何封闭法建立位置逆解数学模型;利用空间几何原理构建机构位置正解数学模型;利用求导法则对位置逆解进行求导,建立速度雅可比矩阵与加速度的二阶影响矩阵;基于绳子是柔性变形体推导出系统刚度矩阵,探究影响系统刚度的因素和增加系统刚度的原则. 利用数值模拟仿真对运动学和系统刚度进行验证,结果表明位置正逆解的输入输出误差不超过实际误差的2.25%;发现理论仿真曲线和样机仿真曲线较吻合,误差不超过7.4%,验证了运动学模型的正确性;根据刚度矩阵发现刚度影响因素对系统刚度的影响规律. 通过对绳驱动刚柔混合驱动波浪补偿并联机构的实验验证,发现该机构的补偿效果均高于90%. 证明研究结果为刚柔混合主动式波浪补偿并联机构的运动和机构设计提供了理论支持.     

基于裂缝参数的钢筋混凝土预裂梁刚度试验研究

为研究钢筋混凝土简支梁桥跨中开裂后的刚度特性,开展不同裂缝名义损伤比下跨中预裂梁的力学试验。试件为现浇钢筋混凝土预裂梁,考虑了跨中3种不同长度a(a=8、18和26 mm)的预制裂缝。试验研究8 m标准跨径混凝土简支梁不同荷载级别下跨中预裂梁抗弯刚度折减系数k随裂缝名义损伤比λ和裂缝张开度w的演化规律。研究表明,不同试验工况下,k均随λ和w的增加而降低,且k的降低幅度在裂缝长度小于钢筋保护层时变化较小,在裂缝长度接近钢筋高度时快速降低,而在高于钢筋位置后则降幅减缓。在此基础上,提出跨中开裂钢筋混凝土简支梁桥抗弯刚度折减系数的计算公式。研究结果为该类梁桥跨中开裂后刚度性能的准确预测与评估提供了依据。