Decolorization and toxicity of reactive anthraquinone textile dyes under methanogenic conditions

Reductive decolorization of two anthraquinone reactive dyes (Reactive Blue 4, RB4; Reactive Blue 19, RB19) under methanogenic conditions was performed using a mixed, methanogenic culture. Decolorization of the two anthraquinone dyes was investigated to evaluate the rate and extent of color removal as well as to assess possible toxic effects of the dyes and their decolorization product(s) on the methanogenic culture as a function of initial dye concentration ranging from 50 to 300 mg x L(-1). A dextrin/peptone mixture was used as the carbon and electron source. A high rate and extent of color removal was achieved ranging from 4.3 to 29.9 mg x L(-1)h(-1) and 73-91% for RB4, and 13.0-74.4 mg x L(-1)h(-1) and 90-95% for RB19. Initial RB4 concentrations up to 100 mg x L(-1) did not result in any significant inhibition. Both the 200 and 300 mg x L(-1) RB4-amended cultures, and all RB19-amended cultures resulted in severe inhibition of both acidogenesis and methanogenesis. Sequential dye addition at 300 mg x L(-1) for both RB4 and RB19 resulted in accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and a very low methane production at the end of the first dye addition after 44 days of incubation. However, at the end of the second dye addition, after a relatively long incubation (384 days), recovery of methanogens in the RB4-amended culture was observed in contrast to the complete inhibition of methanogenesis in the RB19-amended culture. Therefore, RB19 resulted in a higher degree of inhibition of both acidogenesis and methanogenesis than RB4. Addition of dextrin/peptone to dye-inhibited cultures resulted in acidogenesis and a gradual recovery of methanogenesis (mainly aceticlastic methanogenesis) in the RB4-inhibited culture, and a slow recovery of acidogenesis but no recovery of methanogenesis in the RB19-inhibited culture. In contrast, addition of 80% H(2)-20% CO(2) gas to dye-inhibited cultures resulted in recovery of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in both the RB4- and RB19-inhibited cultures. In spite of the relatively severe inhibition of the two anthraquinone dyes on the mixed, methanogenic culture, a high extent of color removal was achieved.     

白腐真菌膜生物反应器对活性染料废水的脱色效果

应用构建的合体式及分体式白腐真菌膜生物反应器，研究了在非灭菌环境下对活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色效果，并借助扫描电镜观察、分析了处理过程中生物膜的结构及其变化情况。结果表明，在非灭菌环境下，白腐真菌膜生物反应器能够有效降解活性艳红染料，2个反应器在起始阶段的脱色率上升迅速，对浓度为50mg／L的染料，处理时间为1d的脱色率可达65％左右，4d的脱色率〉80％，脱色率随染料废水浓度的增高和处理时间的延长而降低。与此同时，白腐真菌生物膜出现了生物量下降、菌丝聚缩成团等受损现象。为保证白腐真菌在初始时就占有优势，所接种的白腐真菌需在经灭菌的培养基中长至菌丝球形成，同时在启动前应对反应器进行清洗和消毒。进水负荷过高及杂菌的感染是造成白腐真菌生物膜结构改变及脱色效果下降的主要原因，因此在运行中适当控制染料废水的浓度或适时停加染料废水并补充培养液，对修复白腐真菌生物膜的结构及降解功能是十分必要的。     

Ultrasonic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution: influence of operational parameters

The aim of the study was to investigate decolorization of Rhodamine B (RB) in aqueous solution using ultrasonic degradation. The results showed that decolorization follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The apparent reaction rate constant (kap) was found to increase with decreasing pH and decreases with increasing initial RB concentration. Power density was very important parameter and increasing it causes a considerable increase of removal efficiency. UV-vis spectral changes of RB indicate that in the sonolysis of RB, the cleavage of aromatic chromophore ring structure and the N-deethylation take place, but decomposition of aromatic structure is predominant.     

Simultaneous depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan by ozone treatment

ABSTRACT:  Currently, depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan are achieved by chemical or enzymatic methods, which are time consuming and expensive. Ozone has been shown to be able to degrade macromolecules and remove pigments due to its high oxidation potential. In this study, the effects of ozone treatment on depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan were investigated. Crawfish chitosan was ozonated in water and acetic acid solution for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min at room temperature with 12 wt% gas. In this study, the effects of ozone treatment on depolymerization and decolorization of chitosan were investigated by measuring the molecular weight, viscosity, and color of chitosan. The color of ozone-treated chitosan was analyzed using a Minolta spectrophotometer. The degree of deacetylation was determined by a colloid titration method. Molecular weight of ozone-treated chitosan in acetic acid solution decreased appreciably as the ozone treatment duration increased. Ozonation for 20 min reduced the molecular weight of the chitosan by 92% (104 kDa) compared to the untreated chitosan (1333 kDa) with a decrease in viscosity of the chitosan solution. Ozonation for 5 min markedly increased the whiteness of chitosan with a molecular weight of 432 kDa; however, further ozonation resulted in development of yellowness. In the case of the ozonation in water, there were no significant differences in the molecular weight and color between ozone-treated chitosans. This study showed that ozone can be used to modify molecular weight and remove pigments of chitosan without chemical use in a shorter time and with less cost.     

白腐菌处理漂白废水工艺及脱色机理探讨

本文设计了一种适合于白腐菌ｐｈａｎｅｒｏｃｈａｅｔｅ ｃｈｒｙｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ 处理漂白废水的活性炭———化学纤维固定膜反应器,对漂白废水的脱色率达６０ ％ ～９０ ％ ,ＣＯＤｃｒ 去除率在５０ ％ 以上。本文还探讨了菌膜生长的营养条件和废水组成对处理效果的影响。最后通过用Ｈ２Ｏ２ 对废水进行的脱色处理,验证了白腐菌脱色类似于Ｈ２Ｏ２ 的作用。     

扑热息痛废水治理技术初步研究

通过实验,比较了处理扑热息痛废水的两种工艺流程,认为混凝加兼氧－好氧生物接触氧化法加氧化脱色工艺流程是合理可行的,确定了混凝类型和合理投加量以及操作条件,处理后出水指标ＣＯＤｃｒ、ＢＯＤ５、色度达到国家污水综合排放标准的二级标准。     

一色齿毛菌对直接大红4BS染料的脱色

为避免染料废水处理造成二次污染,采用生物法对直接染料进行脱色处理,通过观察接种一色齿毛菌后染料固体培养基颜色的变化,评价一色齿毛菌对5种直接染料的脱色效果;利用单因素和正交试验对一色齿毛菌脱色直接大红4BS的条件进行优化,得到优化条件:葡萄糖质量浓度为20 g/L,硝酸铵质量浓度为1 g/L,硫酸镁浓度为1.5 mmol/L,每50 mL反应体系接菌量为2片(直径为1 cm)。结果表明:一色齿毛菌对5种直接染料均有脱色能力,其中对直接大红4BS染料的脱色更为彻底;在优化条件下,一色齿毛菌对直接大红4BS脱色13 d时的脱色率达92.00%, 与优化前的脱色率相比提高了50.82%。     

超声强化过氧化氢-维生素C体系糖汁脱色的研究

研究超声强化过氧化氢-维生素C复合脱色剂体系对糖汁脱色的规律,考察了超声功率、复合脱色剂用量、超声温度和时间对糖汁脱色率的影响。试验结果表明:超声空化强化过氧化氢-维生素C对糖汁具有良好的脱色效果,当处理糖汁量为100 mL,超声功率为260 W,过氧化氢与维生素C的用量均为1.6 mL,空化温度为70℃,超声时间为6 min时,脱色率达到53.4%。通过正交试验分析,得到各个因素对糖汁脱色率影响的主次关系为:超声功率>复合脱色剂用量>超声时间>空化温度。     

胭脂萝卜籽油精炼与理化性质分析

以冷榨的胭脂萝卜籽毛油为原料,分别考察了不同因素对水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色与加热真空脱臭等过程精炼效果的影响,并对油脂的理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:水化脱胶的条件为温度75℃、磷酸添加量0.4%、加水量5%,脱胶率为90.1%;碱炼脱酸的参数为碱炼初温40℃、碱液浓度16 °Bé、超碱量0.3%,脱酸率为93.7%;活性白土为脱色吸附剂,在添加量0.3%、温度80℃、时间50 min时,脱色率为83.5%;在170℃下加热真空脱臭1.5 h得到无气味的精炼油;精炼油的折光指数1.468±0.001、碘值(98.5±0.6)g/100 g、酸值0.28 mg KOH·g-1等各项指标均符合二级菜籽油和萝卜籽油标准。     

Pycnoporus sp. SYBC-L3漆酶催化偶氮染料脱色

为考察 Pycnoporus sp. SYBC-L3漆酶Lac-L对偶氮染料的脱色、解毒效果,探究最佳的脱色反应条件,采用单因素分析方法研究了不同的反应条件对Lac-L催化3种偶氮染料（AR1、RB5、RV5R）脱色的影响,得到最佳处理条件,并通过比较被漆酶降解前后的染料对小麦和水稻发芽率及根、芽生长的影响,分析其毒性变化。结果表明：在以HBT为介体、反应温度50 ℃、pH分别为4.0（AR1,RV5R）和5.0（RB5）、漆酶用量1 U/mL、染料初始质量浓度分别为30 mg/L（AR1）和50 mg/L（RB5、RV5R）条件下,漆酶对3种偶氮染料的脱色效率最高,AR1和RV5R几乎完全降解,脱色率达到96.1%和97.8%,而RB5也有83.8%的脱色率。植物毒理实验表明,3种偶氮染料经漆酶降解后对小麦和水稻发芽率没有影响,对胚芽和根生长的抑制作用也有所降低。