聚砜超滤膜的表面改性

本文用亲水性高分子，表面活性剂及丙烯酸化学反应对聚砜超滤膜进行表面改性，实验结果表明：丙烯酸化学改性效果最佳，可以同时提高膜通量，截留率及膜的抗污染性能。     

阳离子双子表面活性剂的应用研究进展

介绍了阳离子双子表面活性剂近年来在新材料制备、抗腐蚀、杀菌、三次采油、织物染整、生物技术及造纸工业等方面的应用。     

Ultrafiltration of Myoglobin using Surface-Sulfonated Polysulfone Hollow Fiber

The usage of ionic polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber for the ultrafiltration of protein was investigated. The surface of polysulfone hollow fiber was sulfonated through the Blanc chloromethylation reaction to become anionic. Characterization of the modified hollow fiber was performed including ion exchange titration, pure water permeation, and molecular sieving measurement. The performance of ultrafiltration of protein was evaluated using myoglobin at various pH values. The results show that the water contact angles and hydraulic resistance are markedly decreased, indicating that the surface-modified PSF hollow fibers are more hydrophilic. In addition, the retention of myoglobin depends on the pH of the solution. At a pH higher than the isoelectric point of myoglobin, both hollow fiber and the protein have the same charge sign, and both the flux of the solution and the retention are the highest. The sulfonated PSF hollow fiber may be used as a biomaterial for protein separation and purification.     

微生物调剖技术及其进展

介绍了微生物调剖技术,综述了一些先进的室内研究手段如物理模拟微生物封堵及调剖实验、示踪剂技术和可视化技术,总结了激活本源微生物和注入外源微生物调剖技术及现场应用情况.研究表明,在一定范围内微生物调剖效果明显、经济效益较好,但普遍存在着应用菌种单一、稳定性差和外加碳源成本高等不足,驯化筛选适应不同类型油藏条件并以原油或廉价原材料为碳源的高效复合菌群,是微生物调剖技术今后发展的关键所在.     

重金属废水处理最新进展

详细论述了近年来一些处理重金属废水的新方法，并对各种方法进行了综合评述。这些新方法主要有：廉价吸附剂吸附、胶束增强超滤、络合—超滤耦合过程和电化学法。此外，将络合—超滤和电化学法集成起来处理重金属废水，可实现废水回用和重金属回收，因而具有广阔的应用前景。     

REACTOR-MEMBRANE PERMEATOR CASCADE FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY OF H2 AND CO2 FROM THE CATALYTIC METHANE-STEAM REFORMING REACTION

The catalytic reforming of methane by steam is an important industrial process that produces H₂, CO and CO₂, thus chemically transforming natural gas, coal gas and light hydrocarbon feedstocks to synthesis gas or hydrogen fuel. Methane-steam reforming may consist of a number of reactions depending on the reforming catalyst, operating conditions and feedstock composition, The typical industrially desirable reactions are the reverse of methanation (CH₄ + H₂O = CO + 3H₂) and the water-gas shift (CO + H₂O = CO₂ + H₂). Both reactions are equilibrium limited and the composition of the mixture that exits the reformer is in accordance with the one calculated thermodynarmically. Removal of reaction products at the reactor exit by means of selective membrane permeation can offer improved CH₄ conversions and CO₂ and H₂ yields, assuming the subsequent utilization of the reject streams by a second methane-steam reformer. We numerically investigated the feasibility of a system of two tubular methane-steam reformers, in series with an intermediate permselective polyimide membrane permeator, as means of improving the overall CH₄ conversion and the H₂, CO₂ yields over conventional methane-steam reforming equilibrium reaction-separation schemes that are currently in industrial practice. The unique feature of the permselective polyimide separator is the simultaneous removal of H₂ and CO₂ versus CH₄ and CO from the reformed streams. The utilized 6FDA-3,3', 5,5'-TMB aromatic polyimide was reportedly characterized [10] and found to exhibit superior permselective properties compared with other polyimides of the same or different dianhydride sequence. Conversion and yield of the designed reactor-membrane permeator reforming system can be maximized by optimizing the permselective properties of the membrane material and the design variables of the reactors and the permeator. Product recovery and purity in the permeate stream need to be compromised to overall enhance methane conversion and product yield. The operating variables that were varied to investigate their effect on the magnitude of conversion and yield included the inlet pressure of the first reformer, the temperature of both reformers, and the permeator dimensionless Pe' number (variation of the first two variables results to a drastic change in the composition of the reformed stream that enters into the permeator). The numerical results show that the new reformer-membrane permeator cascade process can be more effective (it can offer increased CH₄ conversions and H₂, CO₂ yields) than conventional equilibrium methane-steam reforming reaction-separation processes currently in practice.     

聚丙烯酸钠在中空纤维超滤膜表面的吸附研究

以KCl溶液为背景电解质液,测得聚砜中空纤维超滤膜等电点的pH值为2.9±0.1.当聚丙烯酸钠溶液pH值在等电点附近时,溶质在膜表面吸附量显著增大,导致膜通量迅速下降.研究了不同温度下膜表面吸附量随时间的变化,结果表明:吸附反应可用拟二级速率方程来描述,温度为293～308 K时,速率常数在0.359～0.604 m2·g-1·min-1内递增.考察不同pH值和离子强度对吸附过程的影响可得:当pH值为2.6～9时,平衡吸附量由0.218下降至0.012 g·m-2;当离子强度为0.0～0.1 mol·L-1时,平衡吸附量由0.218降低至0.154 g·m-2.进一步研究了平衡浓度对吸附量的影响,结果表明当聚丙烯酸钠浓度为0.05～5.0 g·L-1及pH≤4时,Langmuir吸附等温线对实验数据能较好地拟合,方程参数qm和b值的大小随膜表面吸附量的增大而增大.     

超滤膜等离子体改性分离大豆蛋白的研究

分别用氧气和氩气等离子体对醋酸纤维素超滤膜进行表面改性,用大豆分离蛋白溶液进行超滤实验,结果表明等离子体处理后膜的接触角变小,亲水性能大大增强,超滤过程可以在保持截留率不变的情况下使膜的透水率增大2～3倍,同时膜的抗污染性能增强。研究发现在相同的等离子体反应条件下,氩气的处理效果优于氧气。     

茶叶活性成分综合提取过程研究

以低档绿茶为原料,研究了茶多酚、咖啡碱和茶多糖的提取、分离、纯化等工艺条件,探索出一条综合提取新工艺。研究表明,以纤维素酶和果胶酶为主体的复合酶解提取,可提高茶叶中各有效成分的提取率,并可降低其活性损失;通过超滤膜过滤酶提液不但精制了料液而且利用膜浓缩液可方便地制备茶多糖;采用H-600树脂吸附阶段洗脱层析法分离茶多酚咖啡碱,解决了传统工艺中使用有毒溶剂脱除咖啡碱的难题。文章计算了吸附柱的传质区高度和总传质系数,为放大设计奠定了基础。