Interfacial area and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a bubble reactor at elevated pressures

The present study deals with the pressure effects on mass transfer parameters within a bubble reactor operating at pressures up to . The gas-liquid systems are N₂/CO₂-aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ and N₂/CO₂-aqueous solution of NaOH. A sintered powder plate is used as a gas distributor. Three parameters characterizing the mass transfer are identified and investigated with respect to pressure: the gas-liquid interfacial area a, the volumetric liquid side mass transfer coefficient k_La and the volumetric gas side mass transfer coefficient k_Ga. The gas-liquid absorption with chemical reaction is used and the mass transfer parameters are determined by using the model reaction between CO₂ and the aqueous solutions of Na₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ and NaOH. For a given gas mass flow rate, the interfacial area as well as the volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient decrease with increasing operating pressure. However, for a given pressure, a and k_La increase with increasing gas mass flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient k_L is independent of pressure. Furthermore, the pressure increase results in a decrease of k_G and k_Ga for a given gas mass flow rate. The values of the interfacial area, which are obtained from both chemical systems are found to be different. These discrepancies are attributed to the choice of the liquid system in the absorption reaction model.     

Simultaneous measurement of flow pattern and mass transfer coefficient in bubble columns

Mass transfer studies were carried out in a bubble column using the chemical method. Catalytic oxidation of sodium sulfite was chosen for the studies and the corresponding specific rates of oxidation were obtained using a stirred cell. Laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to measure the instantaneous velocities in the same stirred cell as well as in bubble columns (100 and i.d.). An efficient algorithm based on the multiresolution analysis of the velocity-time data using wavelets was used for the isolation of data belonging to the gas and liquid phases. Eddy isolation model was used for the characterization of the eddy motion including the estimation of the energy dissipation rate. Using the knowledge of eddy motion, a methodology was developed for the prediction of true mass transfer coefficient (k_L) in a stirred cell as well as in bubble columns. The predicted values of k_L have been compared with the experimental values obtained by the chemical method.     

Encapsulation of titanium dioxide in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer by miniemulsion polymerization

Miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene/n‐butyl acrylate was investigated as a means of encapsulating hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in a film‐forming polymer. Dispersion studies of the TiO₂ were first carried out to determine the choice of stabilizer, its concentration, and the dispersion process conditions for obtaining stable TiO₂ particles with minimum particle size. Through screening studies of various functional stabilizers and shelf‐life stability studies at both room and polymerization temperatures, Solsperse 32,000 was selected to give relatively small and stable TiO₂ particles at 1 wt % stabilizer and with 20–25 min sonification. The subsequent encapsulation of the dispersed TiO₂ particles in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer (St/BA) via miniemulsion polymerization was carried out and compared with a control study using styrene monomer alone. The lattices resulting from the miniemulsion encapsulation polymerizations were characterized in terms of the encapsulation efficiencies (via density gradient column separations; DGC) and particle size (via dynamic light scattering). Encapsulation efficiencies revealed that complete encapsulation of all of the TiO₂ by all of the polymer was not achieved. The maximum encapsulation efficiencies were 79.1% TiO₂ inside 61.7% polystyrene and 63.6% TiO₂ inside 38.5% St/BA copolymer. As the density of the particles collected from the DGC increased from one layer to another, both the average particle size and the number of the TiO₂ particles contained in each latex particle increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3479–3486, 2006     

应用瞬变电磁技术对屯留煤矿南一采区赋水性分析

通过对钻孔以及强干扰区进行参数试验,确定了发射边框、发射频率、发射电流、采样延迟、高压线影响等施工布置参数;结合野外实测数据和钻孔测井资料,进行数据处理和反演,得出采区内的煤系地层与上下围岩有着明显的电性差异;采区北部富水性相对较强,中部和南部富水性相对较弱,F66断层和X26、X35、X79陷落柱是各煤层和奥灰岩的垂向导水通道。     

虎眼万年青总皂苷中单体皂苷的分离纯化

虎眼万年青总皂苷中含有很多皂苷组分,为了得到虎眼万年青单体皂苷,采用硅胶柱层析法分离虎眼万年青总皂苷,以氯仿-甲醇混合液为流动相进行洗脱,TLC跟踪检测。5 g虎眼万年青总皂苷进行硅胶柱层析分离,TLC检测,得到5种虎眼万年青皂苷的单体组分,得率分别为2.6%、2.6%、3.6%、5.4%、12.6%。超高压液相色谱检测,分离效果相对较好的是D、E组分。结果表明,采用硅胶柱层析的方法可以初步达到分离纯化虎眼万年青皂苷的目的。     

约束混凝土柱的升降温全过程轴力分析

利用SAFIR程序,开展了约束混凝土柱的升降温全过程轴力分析。考察了轴向/转动约束刚度比、截面边长、荷载比、荷载偏心率、配筋率、升温时间等参数对ISO834标准升降温过程作用下约束混凝土柱的轴力的影响规律,并与单调升温时的相应规律进行了比较。通过对2880种工况的计算分析,建议给出了该类构件轴力变化系数的实用计算方法。研究结果表明：对于轴向/转动约束混凝土柱,无论单调升温还是先升温后降温,轴力变化系数总体都呈现出先逐渐增大而后有所减小或基本保持稳定,最后以较大速率持续降低的趋势,主要区别在于后期单调升温对应的降低速率一般比先升温后降温时更大;对于先升温后降温的轴向/转动约束混凝土柱,转动约束刚度比、柱长和混凝土保护层厚度对轴力变化系数影响较小,而轴向约束刚度比、荷载偏心率和配筋率越大或荷载比和截面边长越小,轴力变化系数的峰值就越大。     

酶解产物人参皂苷Rh_2、Rh_3的二氯甲烷层析分离

人参皂苷Rh2、Rh3具有一定的抗癌作用,而这些稀有皂苷在传统红参中的含量甚微。为了获得纯度较高的人参皂苷单体,将人参二醇类皂苷经酶转化等方法处理,得到以人参皂苷Rh2和Rh3为主的混合物。常压下,用二氯甲烷-甲醇作为洗脱液变换梯度进行硅胶柱分离,分别采用流动相V(二氯甲烷)∶V(甲醇)=7∶0.10、7∶0.13、7∶0.15、7∶0.18、7∶0.2、7∶0.3渐变梯度进行洗脱,当流动相V(二氯甲烷)∶V(甲醇)=7∶0.3时,成功分离出人参皂苷Rh2和Rh3。经高效液相色谱检测,为反式的二十、二十二碳烯Rh3和顺式的二十、二十二碳烯Rh3(即Rk2)混合物,纯度达到95%以上;也得到较纯的Rh2,经高效液相色谱检测为20(S)-Rh2和20(R)-Rh2异构体的混合物,纯度达到85%以上。     

非水MDEA混合溶剂对H_2S的选择性脱除

以小型绝热填料吸收和再生塔组合成实验室模拟脱硫装置,综合评价了添加部分有机溶剂时脱硫剂对脱硫效率及选择性因子的影响.以30%(wt)MDEA水溶液为基准,实验筛选了N—甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、乙二醇(EG)等9种有机添加溶剂.综合评价可得,以添加合适的有机溶剂替代大部分水而组成的MDEA非水溶剂具有比MDEA水溶液更高的脱硫选择性,但其脱硫效率略低.     

轴心受压FRP约束圆形混凝土柱应力-应变模型

外包纤维复合材料(FRP)可以有效的提高混凝土柱的承载力和延性.本文系统总结了现有的几种FRP约束混凝土柱应力-应变模型,通过对已有大量试验研究结果的分析,指出FRP约束圆形混凝土柱的性能主要取决于FRP对混凝土柱的约束效果,引入约束效应系数ξ.并以约束效应系数ξ为主要参数,提出了FRP约束圆形混凝土柱三阶段应力-应变模型.该模型能较好的反映FRP约束混凝土柱应力-应变关系的特点,模型计算结果与试验数据吻合较好.