Theoretical study on composition-dependent properties of ZnO·nAl2O3 spinels. Part II: Mechanical and thermophysical

Knowledge on the mechanical and thermophysical properties of ZnO·nAl₂O₃ is essential for practical applications. Based on the first-principles calculations and the bond valence method, the disordered spinel-type structure of ZnO·nAl₂O₃ (n = 1–4) was constructed to investigate the composition-dependent mechanical and thermophysical properties. The effects of cation substitution on the hardness, elastic modulus, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity were revealed from the insights into the chemical bonds. At a higher n, the tetrahedral bond is stronger, manifested as its higher hardness and bulk modulus as well as smaller thermal expansion coefficient. Meanwhile, the octahedral bond is weaker, leading to the lower hardness and bulk modulus, along with the larger expansion coefficient. In consequence, the hardness and elastic moduli of ZnO·nAl₂O₃ are improved moderately while the expansion coefficient is decreased with the rise of n. Due to the different vibration characteristics of Zn^IV and Al^IV, the cation disorder in the 8a site provides the primary source of phonon scattering, resulting in the dramatic reduction of thermal conductivity as n increases. The understanding offers guidance on the application-oriented design of new oxide spinels.     

Improvement of polyurethane film strength by H-bonding crosslinking with hydroxylated melamine

Due to the condensation reaction of hydroxylated melamine molecules is possible to take place in the whole pH range, especially in acidic water medium or at high temperature, losing its water solubility. In this work, freeze drying perfectly removes water at pretty low temperature, avoiding condensation reaction of hydroxylated melamine. Therefore, a hydroxylated melamine in solid form (MOH-S) was prepared. It can be not only dissolved in water after storing for 180 days but also well dispersed in waterborne polyurethane emulsion. The addition of hydroxylated melamine significantly improves the tensile strength of polyurethane films by 170%. After soaking the films in water for 24 h, the tensile strength of WPU/30%MOH-S film lost only 6%, but 34% loss for the neat. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak fitting demonstrates that the H-bonding degree of N─H in WPU/30%MOH-S film is 20.72 that is much higher than 3.33 in neat WPU. This indicates that H-bonding cross-linked structure is formed between polyurethane chains and hydroxylated melamine molecules. This work provides an effective strategy for preparing stable hydroxylated melamine and enhancing the strength of polyurethane film.     

聚酯型聚氨酯乳液的合成及性能

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯（ IPDI）、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯（HDI）和聚己二酸 1,4-丁二醇酯二醇（ PBA）为主要原料制备系列水性聚氨酯乳液（ WPU）。采用红外光谱仪、差式扫描量热仪、 X-射线衍射仪、电子拉力机等对 WPU进行结构表征;为了从聚集状态上对聚氨酯结晶性有更深层次的探究,对 WPU进行了定伸情况下的测试。结果显示：随着硬段含量的增加,硬段 -软段间的氢键相互作用减小,微相分离程度增加,结晶性能降低;随着伸长率的增加,氢键相互作用和结晶性能都表现出先减小后增大的趋势。当硬段含量为 14. 73%时,聚氨酯胶膜拉伸强度达到 40. 11 MPa,剥离强度为 93. 7 N/（25 mm）。     

粉末涂料用有机颜料概述

粉末涂料用有机颜料属于高性能有机颜料,是作为无机颜料的一种补充,补齐了无机颜料在颜色鲜艳度、色相齐全方面的缺陷。有机颜料的许多应用性能不仅决定于化学结构,粒径大小与分布、颗粒表面极性、晶体类型与结晶度、表面改性对有机颜料也有很大的影响。本文从有机颜料物理形态、晶型、化学结构特性等方面阐述有机颜料的性能,同时介绍了粉末涂料对有机颜料的性能要求和一些粉末涂料中常用的有机颜料,以及这些颜料的特性。总结了有机颜料在粉末涂料中使用容易出现的问题,了解其产生的原因和机理,帮助从业者在众多的颜料色号中选择合适的高性能有机颜料。     

聚酯型双键封端聚氨酯预聚物的合成及其在团状模塑料中的应用

以高附着力耐温二元醇（XC-488）、甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯（HEMA）为原料,合成了聚酯型双键封端的聚氨酯预聚物（HPU）,然后将不同含量的HPU与不饱和聚酯树脂、短切玻璃纤维、碳酸钙、阻燃剂等进行共混,用于团状模塑料（BMC）的制备。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热仪、力学性能、吸水率、熔体流动性、耐酸碱性、耐老化测试和扫描电子显微镜进行测试。结果表明,当HPU的含量为6 %（质量分数,下同）时,BMC复合材料的综合力学性能最好,此时复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、冲击强度分别为（47.24 ±0.42） MPa、（117.76±0.65）MPa、（33.8±0.2） kJ/m²。     

超支化聚酰胺强化热塑性聚氨酯结晶及发泡性能的研究

在热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）中引入超支化聚酰胺HyPer,利用傅里叶红外光谱研究了HyPer对TPU分子间氢键的影响;同时采用旋转流变仪及差示扫描量热仪研究了HyPer对TPU的结晶及流变性能的影响规律。结果表明,HyPer可以与TPU中的氨基甲酸酯形成分子间氢键,显著提高了TPU中羰基峰的氢键化程度; 另外,HyPer的加入对TPU有显著的增塑作用,特性黏度降低,分子间活动能力增加,提高了TPU的结晶速率和结晶度;添加0.25 %（质量分数,下同）的HyPer降低了TPU的熔体黏弹性,有利于泡孔生长,发泡倍率提高30 %,而HyPer含量提高增强了 TPU的结晶度,结晶度的提高一方面可以促进泡孔成核,另一方面可以抑制泡孔生长,有利于泡孔密度的提高,泡孔尺寸的减小。     

二通插装阀动态特性优化设计

在对插装阀液压系统工作特性进行研究的基础上,利用功率键合图建立插装阀液压系统的动态数学模型,进行插装阀液压系统动态仿真。应用优化方法对插装阀液压系统动态特性进行优化设计,计算结果表明优化后的插装阀动态特性得到明显改善。     

CBN磨具用玻璃结合剂的结构与性能研究

采用传统熔体淬法制备了R2O—MO—B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2多元系统玻璃结合剂（R为碱金属，M为碱土金属）。利用红外光谱技术研究了玻璃的结构。测试了玻璃结合剂的抗弯强度和热膨胀系数，分析了玻璃组成及结构变化对玻璃性能的影响。结果表明：所有玻璃网络中均存在[SiO4]、[AlO4]四面体和[BO3]三角体结构单元。当SiO2增加到58．95mol％时，玻璃网络中出现[BO4]四面体，此时玻璃的抗折强度急剧下降，而膨胀系数由增大变成减小。SiO2含量为55．09mol％的样品适合用作CBN磨具玻璃结合剂。     

陶瓷结合剂化学组成的计算与配方优化设计

本文利用计算机技术．对陶瓷结合剂化学成分进行精密计算．在此基础上，根据结合剂所需要的化学成分，采用数学模型精确优化设计出陶瓷结合剂配方(即各种原材料的配比)，文章介绍了上述算法具体实现方法，给出了算法模型和精确的程序语言描述，算法重点解决了误差放大．计算稳定性等工程计算问题，对实际系统运行样本数据进行了验证，同时，文章描述了算法所引用的数据库表的结构设计方法及提高数据库应用效率和灵活性的技巧；分析了整个软件系统模块组成，描述了系统功能。通过实际应用与测试．验证了该系统算法和软件系统的可用性，对研究开发新型陶瓷结合剂具有重要指导作用。     

Ceramic coating on ceramic with metallic bond coating

The change in structure and adhesion strength of the interface by heating in air has been investigated for a plasma- sprayed alumina coating on a ceramic substrate with a 50Ni- 50Cr alloy bond coating. A veined structure composed of NiO, NiCr ₂O₄, and NiAl₂O₄ oxides grew from the bond coating into cracks or pores in the top coating and the alumina substrate after heating at 1273 K for 20 h in air. The NiAl₂O₄ spinel may have formed by the oxidization of nickel, which subsequently reacted with the alumina coating or the substrate. The mechanism of the penetration of the spinel oxides into the cracks or pores is not clear. The adhesion strength of the coating is increased to about 15 MPa after heating at 1273 K for 20 h in air, compared to an as- sprayed coating strength of only 1.5 MPa.