Occurrence and traceability of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from sheep's milk cheese-making plants environment

The aim of the study was to conduct an extensive survey on Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. environmental contamination in 13 cheese-making plants. A total of 409 environmental and food samples were collected during years 2011–2013. Listeria spp. contamination was observed in all the facilities, while L. monocytogenes was recovered from 12 facilities with a prevalence ranging between 3.0% and 22.6%. Floor drains were the most contaminated sampling sites (48.8% of positive samples), serving as harbourage site for subsequent contamination. Out of 616 isolates, 277 (45.0%) were Listeria innocua, 274 (44.5%) L. monocytogenes, 41 (6.6%) Listeria ivanovii, 14 (2.3%) Listeria welshimeri and 10 (1.6%) Listeria gravyi. Serotyping carried out by PCR and agglutination method for L. monocytogenes revealed that 169 strains (61.7%) were serotype 1/2a, 65 (23.7%) 4b, 20 (7.3%) 1/2b, 10 (3.6%) 3a, 7 (2.5%) 1/2c and 3 (1.1%) 3b. PFGE conducted on L. monocytogenes isolates using AscI and ApaI restriction enzymes, yielded 6 clusters. Two predominant PFGE clusters were observed including respectively 36 and 32 strains. Within cheese-making plants, L. monocytogenes showed wide variability with strains distributed up to 4 different clusters. Pulsotypes isolated from raw milk filter were never detected in the processing environment, indicating that the contamination originated from sources other than raw milk. The isolation of strains with similar profile from different sampling sites, within and among cheese-making plants, indicated the possible transfer of L. monocytogenes contamination along production lines and from one facility to another. Strains recovered from food were confirmed as originating from the processing environment.     

Thermal markers arising from changes in the protein component of milk

Classification of heat load applied to milk requires the detection of parameters appropriately related to the intensity of the heat treatment. Current analytical methods based on heat-induced changes in the protein component of milk have been directed either to determine the amount of protein-derived products arised from heat treatments or to evaluate the extent of thermal denaturation of milk proteins. Lately, a new analytical strategy has been developed according to the occurrence of three major whey proteins, namely bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin (βlg) and alfa-lactalbumin (αla), normally soluble at pH 4.6 in raw milk, in the pH 4.6 insoluble protein fraction recovered from heat-treated milk. The results have shown that pH 4.6 insoluble BSA, βlg and αla, as detected by ELISA in milk, can be regarded as thermal markers suited for either dairy process control or regulation purposes.     

交流杂散电流干扰对埋地管道阴极保护电位的影响

设计室内干扰试验,模拟现实中各类因素下交流杂散电流干扰对管道阴极保护电位的影响。通过数据采集系统对电位信号的采集,滤波系统对交、直流信号的分离,分析得到交流干扰下管道真实阴极保护电位的变化。结果表明:在交流干扰下的管道阴极保护电位会产生较大的IR降,使得管道真实的阴极保护电位偏离地表参比法测得的电位值;同时,在交流杂散电流干扰的瞬间,将会有一个较强的电位信号产生,可能会对恒电位仪及管道防腐蚀层产生不利影响。     

页岩气压裂返排液处理过程中的腐蚀防护技术

目的为页岩气压裂返排液处理过程中的腐蚀防护问题提供技术支持。方法首先分析压裂返排液的特点,在此基础上详细分析页岩气压裂返排液处理过程中的腐蚀防护技术,即合理选用材料、缓蚀剂技术、涂层技术和阴极保护技术,并分析各种技术的优缺点。结果页岩气压裂返排液处理过程中应多选用非金属材料;应尽量选择具有良好可溶性和水中分散性、毒性小的缓蚀剂;涂层往往需要与其他技术联合使用;阴极保护技术目前应用较少,应加大推广力度。结论对于具体的页岩气压裂返排液处理工程,需要根据腐蚀环境、成本及现场工人操作水平等进行综合评估,选取合适的防护方法。实际运用时,需在结合以往经验的同时评价筛选最新的技术,尽量采用最新技术,同时需要多种技术联合使用,才能确保设备安全。     

VN基硬质耐磨涂层的制备及其性能

目的在N2及其与C2H2混合气氛下,制备VN基硬质耐磨涂层,研究VN基涂层的结构及力学、耐磨、抗腐蚀性能,为工业化应用积累科学数据。方法采用阳极层离子源辅助阴极电弧离子镀系统,在高速钢衬底上制备VN、VCN和VCN/VN多层涂层,系统研究多层涂层调制周期厚度变化对涂层晶体结构、表面形貌、硬度、耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果 C原子的加入和VCN/VN多层涂层调制周期的变化对VCN/VN涂层的晶体结构、表面形貌、硬度、摩擦系数及耐腐蚀性能均有明显影响。随着VCN/VN涂层调制周期的增加,VN(200)衍射峰逐渐减弱并宽化,VN (111)衍射峰消失,涂层表面金属熔滴大颗粒数量减少,小颗粒数量明显增加。VN涂层硬度为1890HV,VCN涂层硬度为2290HV,VN/VCN多层涂层硬度为2350HV左右。对磨材料为氧化铝时,VN涂层的摩擦系数为0.74左右,VCN涂层和VCN/VN涂层的摩擦系数明显降低,在0.60左右,磨损机理由以磨削磨损为主(VN涂层)逐渐转化为粘着磨损为主(S5),磨削磨损起次要作用。随着C原子的加入和VCN/VN多层涂层调制周期的变化,涂层耐腐蚀性能明显增强,自腐蚀电位由VN的-0.26 V增大到VCN的-0.14 V,自腐蚀电流密度由1.63′10^-5 A/cm^2降低到2.7′10(-6) A/cm^2。结论采用阳极层离子源辅助电弧离子镀技术可制备VN基硬质耐磨涂层,C元素的加入可有效提高VN涂层的硬度,降低VN涂层的摩擦系数,增强VN涂层的耐腐蚀性能。VCN/VN多层涂层通过周期厚度的调制可以有效提高VN基涂层的硬度、耐磨及耐腐蚀性能。     

重庆某输气管道地铁杂散电流干扰检测评价与防护案例研究

重庆某输气管道沿线与多条地铁、轻轨交叉并行,管道阴极保护系统受干扰严重。为了认识管道沿线阴极保护水平和真实干扰情况,对其阴极保护参数进行了现场测试。根据测试结果,分析获得了管道沿线干扰大小的分布情况。基于分析结果,利用智能抗干扰恒电位仪开展现场馈电试验。结果表明,在合理分布辅助阳极地床的情况下,利用强制电流阴极保护和牺牲阳极相结合的方法可以将管道的干扰水平控制在可接受范围内。该研究成果可为油气管道动态直流干扰的分析和防护设计提供参考。     

真空阴极电弧沉积TiN装饰膜工艺与应用研究

本文研究了真空阴极电弧沉积 TiN 装饰膜的工艺及其应用.利用 X 射线衍射、扫描电镜等方法,分析了膜层性能与沉积工艺之间的关系,结果表明:(1)适当增大气氛压力,可减少 Ti 液滴,从而提高了膜层的显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能;(2)膜层颜色与负偏压和氮分压有关.本文报导了工艺参数对膜层织构和品格畸变的影响.本文还对表壳、表带、餐具.陶瓷制品仿金镀等应用问题进行了讨论.     

Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery

Dendrimers are novel three dimensional, hyperbranched globular nanopolymeric architectures. Attractive features like nanoscopic size, narrow polydispersity index, excellent control over molecular structure, availability of multiple functional groups at the periphery and cavities in the interior distinguish them amongst the available polymers. Applications of dendrimers in a large variety of fields have been explored. Drug delivery scientists are especially enthusiastic about possible utility of dendrimers as drug delivery tool. Terminal functionalities provide a platform for conjugation of the drug and targeting moieties. In addition, these peripheral functional groups can be employed to tailor-make the properties of dendrimers, enhancing their versatility. The present review highlights the contribution of dendrimers in the field of nanotechnology with intent to aid the researchers in exploring dendrimers in the field of drug delivery.     

阴极电泳漆槽液熟化周期研究

针对槽液熟化周期长的电泳漆品种,在进行电泳漆材料性能试验时提前将电泳漆中的乳液进行深度脱溶剂处理,除掉其中大部分的低沸点溶剂,可以有效缩短电泳漆槽液的熟化周期,在短时间内满足电泳漆的相关试验需求。