形成针对太湖流域三类水源的综合解决方案实现典型和新型污染物的协同控制

太湖流域是我国典型的水质缺水型地区,饮用水安全保障工作面临较大挑战。"十三五"水专项"太湖流域饮用水安全保障工程技术与综合管理技术集成研究"课题梳理了太湖流域饮用水专项实施以来的课题及关键技术,针对太湖流域水源水质特征和区域供水特征,通过水源水质评估、关键技术遴选、工艺协同优化和示范工程验证,形成了针对太湖流域三类典型水源水质特征的分类综合解决方案,实现了典型和新型污染物的协同控制,以期为太湖流域饮用水安全保障提供技术支撑,为国家饮用水安全保障战略实施提供可借鉴的方案。     

三峡水库运行后洞庭湖水沙变化及影响因素

水库建设改变江湖关系,影响下游水沙情势,进而对流域状况、人类生活和社会发展产生影响。本文根据2003—2019年洞庭湖三口、四水及长江水沙数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、滑动平均值等方法分析洞庭湖水沙变化趋势,并用Mann-Kendall突变分析方法对有显著变化的站点进行突变分析。结果表明,2003—2019年,荆江三口各水文站年输沙量、弥陀寺站与康家岗站年径流量有显著变化且具有突变点,荆江三口其余各站年径流量及四水各站水沙无显著变化。其中弥陀寺年径流量和年输沙量变化的突变点分别位于2014年和2010年,其余存在显著变化的各站年输沙量突变点皆位于2008年前后。长江干流来水来沙是影响洞庭湖水沙的重要因素,受2008年三峡水库开始175 m试验性蓄水影响明显,采砂活动等因素也可能与洞庭湖湖区冲淤情况存在关联。     

Viscosity of compressed cold lake bitumen

Viscosity data over a temperature range of 37-115°C and a pressure range of 0-10 MPa gauge are presented for a Cold Lake bitumen sample. These data show that the compression of Cold Lake bitumen results in a significant increase in its viscosity. Results are compared with those from a similar study on an Athabasca bitumen sample. Also presented are two correlations for the effects of pressure and temperature on the viscosity of Cold Lake bitumen.     

入海水道二期对洪泽湖地区洪水风险的影响研究

为探究淮河入海水道二期工程对洪泽湖的泄洪能力以及周边滞洪区的影响,在对研究区河网概化及地形处理的基础上,建立了研究区河网一维、洪泽湖湖区与周边滞洪区二维耦合的水动力数值模型,并采用1991,2003,2006,2007四年实测历史洪水资料对模型进行率定及验证。基于现状工况、规划工况以及不同洪水量级,设计了5个对比方案对研究区进行洪水演进数值模拟,对不同洪水量级进行横向对比,对不同工况进行纵向对比,并对不同方案进行淹没面积分析和洪水影响分析。结果表明,入海水道二期工程的启用可以有效降低洪泽湖水位,提高洪泽湖的防洪标准和周边滞洪区的启用标准,减少同等洪水量级下的受影响人口数和区域GDP,为洪泽湖的防洪安全建设以及周边蓄滞洪区的稳定发展创造了条件。     

基于MIKE FLOOD的洪泽湖周边滞洪区洪水演进模拟研究

基于实测断面资料建立了研究区的一维水动力模型,基于高精度DEM以及1∶10000地形图建立了研究区的二维水动力模型,并用MIKE FLOOD将一维模型和二维模型进行耦合,构建了洪泽湖周边滞洪区一、二维耦合的洪水演进数学模型。利用2003年历史洪水资料对模型参数进行了率定,并以2007年历史洪水资料进行了验证。以洪泽湖百年一遇设计洪水为模型上边界,二河闸、三河闸以及高良涧闸的现行调度方案的水位-流量关系为模型下边界,对洪泽湖百年一遇设计洪水方案进行模拟计算,当蒋坝水位达到14.33m时,洪泽湖周边滞洪区开始滞洪,得到开始滞洪后不同时段研究区内各类洪水风险要素的动态分布情况以及最大淹没水深、淹没历时,验证了模型的合理性,可用于蓄滞洪区洪水演算分析。     

《赤山湖湖条》解读与赤山湖管理分析

历史上赤山湖作为秦淮河流域的重要水利枢纽,它不仅承担着湖区周边及秦淮河下游的灌溉防洪功能,还在长期用水管理过程中,形成以"五尺水则"为代表的有效管理制度。本文通过对《赤山湖湖条》内容的解读,从工程管理、用水管理和经费管理等方面对赤山湖的水利管理进行历史考察,探究赤山湖功能发挥与湖区管理体系密不可分的关系,为现代水利工程尤其是河湖工程管理提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Start-Up and Optimization of the Ozone Disinfection Process At the Sebago Lake Water Treatment Facility

The purpose of the ozone process at the Sebago Lake Water Treatment Facility (SLWTF) is to meet the disinfection requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule with ozone and without filtration. The start-up experience is presented including initial operating strategies to meet disinfection requirements. An ozone system performance test conducted during the first month of plant operation is described and the results are reviewed. The initial and proposed activities of an ozone optimization project are discussed.     

Spatial ecology of Bay of Quinte walleye (Sander vitreus): Annual timing,extent, and patterns of migrations in eastern Lake Ontario

Walleye (Sander vitreus) are the top nearshore predator in the Bay of Quinte and eastern Lake Ontario, where they have strong ecological and socio-economic impacts. The population is known to migrate seasonally; however, the precise timing and extent are not well defined. This study used acoustic telemetry to provide a fisheries-independent measure of timing, extent, and seasonal distribution of migration in Lake Ontario and to examine the influence of sex, spawning river, size, and year. Annual detection histories were used to determine the timing of migrations into and out of the spawning rivers, departure from the Bay of Quinte post-spawn, and the pre-spawn return to the Bay of Quinte. Sequence analysis was subsequently used to examine how fish occupy defined regions of eastern Lake Ontario annually and identify patterns in migration strategy. Spawning site fidelity was high for both rivers (91–97%) and annual residency within the Bay of Quinte was low (9.5%). Females spent less time in spawning rivers, migrated to the main lake earlier, and generally travelled further than males. Larger fish also migrated to the main lake first and travelled further, and differences in timing between spawning rivers were minor. Annual differences in timing were observed and were most likely related to environmental differences between years. Cluster analysis was used to identify groups of fish which utilized unique annual migration strategies and demonstrated sex and size had an important influence on the variability in annual spatial occupancy, but the importance of spawning river and year was minimal.     

Dreissena in Lake Ontario 30 years post-invasion

We examined three decades of changes in dreissenid populations in Lake Ontario and predation by round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Dreissenids (almost exclusively quagga mussels, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) peaked in 2003, 13 years after arrival, and then declined at depths <90 m but continued to increase deeper through 2018. Lake-wide density also increased from 2008 to 2018 along with average mussel lengths and lake-wide biomass, which reached an all-time high in 2018 (25.2 ± 3.3 g AFTDW/m²). Round goby densities were estimated at 4.2 fish/m² using videography at 10 to 35 m depth range in 2018. This density should impact mussel populations based on feeding rates, as indicated in the literature. While the abundance of 0–5 mm mussels appears to be high in all three years with measured length distributions (2008, 2013, 2018), the abundance of 5 to 12 mm dreissenids, the size range most commonly consumed by round goby, was low except at >90 m depths. Although the size distributions indicate that round goby is affecting mussel recruitment, we did not find a decline in dreissenid density in the nearshore and mid-depth ranges where goby have been abundant since 2005. The lake-wide densities and biomass of quagga mussels have increased over time, due to both the growth of individual mussels in the shallower depths, and a continuing increase in density at >90 m. Thus, the ecological effects of quagga mussels in Lake Ontario are likely to continue into the foreseeable future.     

Depth and temperature selection of lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes in Lake Superior revealed by popup satellite archival tags

Lake charr exhibit morphological diversity in large North American lakes, largely attributed to habitat partitioning. Bathythermal habitats of lean lake charr have been assessed but remain largely unknown for other lake charr ecotypes. Popup satellite archival tags (PSATs) were used to determine depth and temperature profiles of lean (n = 15), siscowet (n = 16) and redfin (n = 3) lake charr ecotypes in Lake Superior during segments of the year. Monthly median depths of leans were < 20 m throughout the year while the median depth of redfins was 24–32 m (June-September). Monthly median depth of siscowets ranged from 103 to 204 m but they exhibited four distinctive patterns: deep (>80 m), shallow (<10 m), extreme vertical movements (>80–0 m), and high frequency vertical movements between 100 and 125 m. Siscowets were the most stenothermal with habitat temperatures generally 4–5 °C but not exceeding 12 °C. Leans were found as low as 0 °C (January-March) and up to 15 °C (July-September). Median monthly habitat temperatures for redfins were 1–3 °C colder than leans during July-September. PSATs confirmed that siscowets exhibit extreme vertical movements and may feed near the surface. The timing and duration of the extreme vertical movements exhibited by siscowets did not appear to be associated with time of day (i.e., not diel vertical movements) and may be described as opportunistic movements presumably related to foraging. Data obtained from the PSATs reinforces the view that lake charr are highly adaptive and can thrive in cold, oligotrophic lakes by optimizing the use of the entire water column.