The geographic distribution of fluoride in surface and groundwater in Ethiopia with an emphasis on the Rift Valley

This paper analyzes the most extensive database on fluoride distribution in Ethiopia. Of the total 1438 water samples tested, 24.2% had fluoride concentrations above the 1.5 mg/l recommended optimum concentration recommended by WHO. Regionally, by far the highest fluoride levels were recorded in the Rift Valley, where 41.2% of all samples exceeded the 1.5 mg/l level. Only 1.0% of the samples from the central and northwestern highlands and 10.0% in the southeastern highlands exceeded 1.5 mg/l. Larger proportions of deep wells (50.0%) and hot springs (90.0%) than shallow wells (27.2%) and cold springs (12.6%) exceeded the 1.5 mg/l level. The highest fluoride concentrations were recorded for Rift Valley lakes Shala (264.0 mg/l) and Abijata (202.4 mg/l) and the lowest in Lake Tana, and rivers, wells and springs in the highlands. The fluoride concentrations of the Awash River, which originates in the highlands and flows through the Rift Valley, increase downstream, giving concern over the current diversion of high-fluoride water from Lake Beseka. Of the various flourosis prevention methods tried in Ethiopia, the treatment of surface water has been shown to be the most feasible and effective for towns and large commercial farms in the Rift Valley, although defluoridation methods should be considered for smaller rural communities.     

空间凸轮的参数化设计及加工

提出一种空间凸轮的参数化设计方法,即采用VC 和ObjectARX作为开发工具,在AutoCAD环境下设计、绘制空间凸轮的轮廓曲线,然后导入MasterCAM中进行刀路设置和数控代码的生成。     

基于时空搜索的红外微弱点状动目标检测技术

在背景杂波被抑制后的图像序列中,残留样本为相互独立、服从高斯分布的条件下,首先论述了理想三维时空搜索检测算法,并对其性能进行分析。结果表明,虽然它具有最佳的检测性能,但是由于需要事先知道关于噪声及目标先验知识的缘故,无法进行实际应用。对此．研究了直接利用观测样本来估计噪声及目标的一、二阶矩,从而无须事先知道噪声统计特性的三维时空搜索检测算法及其详细步骤,推导了二元判决统计量所服从的概率分布函数（结果为t分布）,对比分析了算法的检测性能,并给出了理想算法和本算法中共存的问题及其相应的改进方案。此种算法在连续多帧做任意运动的流星、人造卫星以及其他运动目标的光学检测与跟踪中应用广泛。     

基于小波变换的图像融合方法

提出了一种基于小波变换的改进图像融合方法。对小波分解后的高频分量使用图像区域内像素的最大绝对值作为该区域中心像素的活性测度以得到融合图像的高频分量,对分解后的低频分量通过度量其图像块的质量来确定融合图像的低频分量。实验结果表明,该方法得到的融合图像清晰度和对比度都较好,是一种有效的图像融合算法。     

空间数据库中最小距离聚集查询及其算法

提出了一种新的距离查询形式-最小距离聚集查询,这种查询计算几个对象集中对象到一个中心对象集中对象的距离和,并返回最小的K个距离和.在空间数据库中,对基于R树索引的数据集给出了基于最近邻居的方法和阈值算法来回答查询.通过大量实验对两种算法进行了比较,结果显示阈值算法具有较好的性能.     

无线GIS空间数据传输技术研究

目前GIS空间数据传输与存储技术正在经历从有线到无线的发展过程。本文主要介绍无线GIS在传输空间数据中的技术和方法。重点阐述无线GIS空间数据传输的基本特点,探讨了无线移动计算环境的关键技术,提出了解决无线GIS空间数据传输的具体解决方案。     

基于遥感与GIS的民勤盆地荒漠垦殖研究

通过对民勤盆地1959年航片,1973年MSS影像,1987、1994、1998和2001年TM影像的人机交互目视解译结合自动分类,制作了6个典型年代的绿洲分布图。利用GIS软件进行迭加运算处理并进行面积统计,获得民勤盆地40年来荒漠垦殖位置变化图和面积变化数据。结果表明,40年来民勤盆地荒漠垦殖发展迅速,其中尤以70年代和90年代增加显著;荒漠垦殖范围扩展的方式主要有两种:一种是原有绿洲的“摊饼式”扩展,一种是向荒漠腹地的“跳跃式”推进;荒漠垦殖扩展的原因,早期主要受“以粮为纲”政策的影响,晚期在于绿洲生态环境的恶化和经济利益的驱动。荒漠垦殖的迅猛发展极大地破坏绿洲外围的生态环境,加速了荒漠化进程。     

烟田蓼蓝齿胫叶甲幼虫的空间分布型和抽样技术研究

对烟田蓼蓝齿胫叶甲幼虫的空间分布型测定结果表明:聚集度指标测定为聚集分布;频次分布检验为负二项分布;Iwao的*m-m回归模型为*m=0.1716+1.4552m,说明属于具有公共K值的负二项分布。本文根据聚集度均数(λ)的测定结果,分析了聚集原因和最适合的抽样数模型。      

多径环境中多用户波束形成与DOA估计

该文讨论了多径环境中多用户的波束形成与DOA估计问题,采用了解相关检测器来估计用户空间特征,提出了循环空间平滑算法(CSS)基于空间平滑的保持阵列权值维数不变的多用户波束形成算法,其理论依据是采样信号协方差矩阵的逆矩阵循环传递等效于对其求均值;利用了估计出的用户空间特征构造协方差矩阵进行空间平滑的高分辨DOA估计.仿真结果说明了循环空间平滑算法应用于多用户波束形成具有更优的抗干扰性能。     

The use of discrete Markov random fields in reservoir characterization

In this work, we discuss relevant aspects concerning the use of discrete Markov random fields (MRF) in the simulation of rock properties in petroleum reservoirs. The Strauss multi-color model is useful to describe complex image configurations, by handling with parameters of repulsion between the different rock facies, symbolized in this case, by the different colors. The transition between the facies and the porous medium anisotropy are imposed to the system, and it is possible to generate various types of arrangement of the facies on the image, in contrast to Gaussian stochastic process, that can only simulate diffusion-type images. Another point focused is the behavior of the spatial correlation in discrete Markov random fields, here studied by the calculus of the practical semivariogram function in the binary Markov images, generated by using the Metropolis algorithm. These images have a correspondence to Gaussian images with Gaussian-type correlation, after truncated in binary facies. This similarity is validated by analysis in the behavior of the semivariogram function of the discrete Gaussian processes.