Ripening of Gloster 69 apples after low-ethylene storage

Preclimacteric Gloster 69 apples were stored for up to 200 days in 2 k Pa O₂ at 1·5°C with continuous ethylene removal. Fruit retained the ability to ripen normally after prolonged storage. In particular, synthesis of the aroma volatiles, 2-methyl butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, was not impaired. Ethylene at 15°C induced the synthesis of both aroma volatiles, the decrease in firmness and the increase in soluble pectin but simply accelerated the decreases in malate, starch and chlorophyll, whereas it showed no direct and consistent effect on sugar changes.     

Non‐destructive measurement of vitamin C,total polyphenol and sugar content in apples using near‐infrared spectroscopy

BACKGROUND: The vitamin C and polyphenol content of apples constitute quality and nutritional parameters of great interest for consumers, especially in terms of health. They are commonly measured using laborious reference methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid and non‐destructive method to determine the sugar, vitamin C and total polyphenol content in apples. RESULTS: The quality parameters of more than 150 apple genotypes were analyzed using NIR and reference methods. The results obtained using the least squares support vector machine regression method showed good to very good prediction performance. Low standard error of prediction values, in addition to relatively high ratio to prediction (RPD) values, demonstrated the precision of the models, especially for polyphenol and sugar content. High RPD values (5.1 and 4.3 for polyphenol and sugar, respectively) indicated that an accurate classification of apples based on their content could be achieved. CONCLUSION: NIR spectroscopy coupled with the multivariate calibration technique could be used to accurately measure the quality parameters of apples. In addition, in the case of breeding programs, NIR spectroscopy can be considered an interesting tool for sorting varieties according to a range of concentrations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

新疆野生苹果(Malus sieversii)的总多酚、总黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性研究

以采集于新疆不同地区的20个野生苹果品种为研究对象,福林酚法测总多酚,分光光度计法测定总黄酮,DPPH、ABTS、还原能力法测定总抗氧化能力,相关系数法分析各个指标之间的相关性。结果显示,不同品种的野生苹果的总多酚、总黄酮及抗氧化活性之间具有显著差异,其中,HDM-23的总多酚含量最高(4714.33μmol没食子酸/100g鲜果),XY-31的总黄酮含量最高(2452.84mg芦丁/100g鲜果)。总多酚、总黄酮及抗氧化活性之间呈极显著(p0.01)正相关,表明总多酚与总黄酮是野生苹果抗氧化活性的主要贡献物质。     

成熟度对诺丽果酵素品质的影响

以超氧化物歧化酶活力、酪氨酸酶抑制率、胰脂肪酶抑制率、总糖和总多酚含量等为指标,研究未成熟诺丽果（青果）和成熟诺丽果（黄果）在自然发酵过程中的品质变化。结果表明：青果酵素的pH值、菌落总数、酵母菌、霉菌数量高于成熟的黄果酵素,可溶性固形物、总糖、还原糖、总多酚含量低于黄果酵素,青果酵素发酵后期的酪氨酸酶抑制率优于黄果酵素。青果在发酵过程中胰脂肪酶抑制率一直处于较高的水平,达到85%以上,黄果随着发酵时间的延长其胰脂肪酶抑制率不断增高,说明诺丽果酵素具有潜在的美白和预防肥胖功效。     

苹果自然发酵酵素微生物多样性分析

为了解苹果自然发酵酵素中的微生物组成,探究其不同发酵阶段的优势菌群,采用宏基因组技术分析苹果自然发酵酵素发酵前(10 d)、中(20 d)、后(35 d)3个时期的真菌和细菌的群落组成和变化。结果表明:通过多样性分析,细菌的多样性高于真菌;细菌多样性前期最高,呈先降低后升高的趋势;真菌多样性略有增加。从属的水平上分析,细菌主要有乳杆菌属、葡萄糖酸杆菌属、乳酸乳球菌属、魏斯氏属、明串珠菌属和醋酸菌属,其中乳杆菌属(58.73%,49.08%,56.34%)和葡萄糖酸杆菌属(20.42%,34.72%,24.64%)为细菌中的优势菌属;真菌主要有酵母属、汉逊酵母属和接合酵母属,其中接合酵母属(89.5%,18.2%,80.3%)和汉逊酵母属(9.7%,60.6%,8.7%)为真菌中的优势菌属。结论:阐明了苹果酵素在自然发酵过程中微生物的动态变化及其多样性机制,为后续开发新型人工可控苹果酵素提供试验依据。     

牛蒡复合果蔬酵素发酵工艺优化及品质变化跟踪

以牛蒡和橘子、苹果、山楂、梨、火龙果、木瓜、枸杞、包菜、芹菜等果蔬为原料,米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）为发酵菌种,制备牛蒡复合果蔬酵素。以超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性为评价指标,采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken响应面试验设计优化其发酵工艺。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺条件为：发酵温度32 ℃,发酵时间26 d,接种量2.5%。在此优化条件下,牛蒡复合果蔬酵素SOD活性达50.08 U/mL。将发酵时间延长至49 d,其蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、SOD活性和1,1二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、2,2'-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）（ABTS）、羟自由基清除率变化均呈先上升后下降的趋势,SOD活性在发酵时间为26 d时达到最大值,为52.09 U/mL。发酵完成后,牛蒡复合果蔬酵素的总酸、可溶性固形物、酒精度分别为4.78 mg/mL、5.27%、1.50%vol,呈淡黄褐色,口感清爽微酸。     

沙果膳食纤维对胆固醇和亚硝酸根离子吸附作用的研究

采用离体实验模拟人体胃和肠道的pH值条件,探讨了沙果膳食纤维对胆固醇和亚硝酸根离子(NO2-的吸附能力.结果表明,在体外模拟实验中,沙果膳食纤维对对胆固醇和NO2-的吸附效果与pH值有关.沙果膳食纤维在pH值为7.0中性条件下(模拟小肠的pH值环境)对胆固醇的平均吸附量为7.62mg/g,高于pH值为2.0酸性条件下(模拟胃的酸性条件)的5.80mg/g吸附量;沙果膳食纤维在pH值为2.0条件下对NO2-的吸附能力为1.21 mg/g,高于pH7.0条件下的0.85mg/g的吸附量.说明沙果膳食纤维具有明显的清除胆固醇和NO2-的效果,是一类高活性的膳食纤维.     

Fruit dry matter concentration: a new quality metric for apples

BACKGROUND: In the fresh apple market fruit must be crisp and juicy to attract buyers to purchase again. However, recent studies have shown that consumer acceptability could be further enhanced by improving taste. This study evaluates the use of fruit dry matter concentration (DMC) as a new fruit quality metric for apple. RESULTS: Fruit samples collected at harvest, in the two main fruit growing regions of New Zealand, showed a variation in mean fruit DMC from 130 to 156 g kg^?1 with ‘Royal Gala’ and with ‘Scifresh’ from 152 to 176 g kg^?1. Individual fruit DMC showed a larger range, from 108 to 189 g kg^?1 with ‘Royal Gala’ and from 125 to 201 g kg^?1 with ‘Scifresh’. Fruit DMC proved a more reliable predictor of total soluble solids after 12 weeks of air storage at 0.5 °C than TSS at harvest for both ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Scifresh’. Fruit DMC was also positively related to flesh firmness, although this relationship was not as strong as that seen with soluble solids and was more dependent on cultivar. Consumer studies showed that consumer preference was positively related to fruit DMC of ‘Royal Gala’ apples. CONCLUSION: Fruit DMC can therefore be measured before or at harvest, and be used to predict the sensory potential for the fruit after storage. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Carbohydrate composition and content of organic acids in fresh and stored apples

The contents of low‐molecular‐weight carbohydrates (LMWC; sorbitol, glucose, fructose and sucrose), starch, dietary fibre and organic acids were determined in seven apple cultivars at the start and end of the consumption interval. The cultivars included were Summered, Aroma, Ingrid Marie, Cox Orange, Mutzu, Belle de Boskoop and Jonagold. The total content of LMWC ranged between 615 and 716 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM). The dominating sugar was fructose, corresponding to on average 57% (range 48–62%) of the total LMWC. However, in Cox Orange the sucrose content was considerably higher and the fructose and sucrose contents constituted approximately 46% each. Total dietary fibre content was similar in the cultivars (total dietary fibre 160 ± 20 g kg⁻¹ DM), except for Belle de Boskoop which had a higher content (203 g kg⁻¹ DM). Mutzu had a lower proportion of soluble fibre (27% of total dietary fibre) compared with the others (mean 32%). The organic acid content was on average 80 ± 4 g kg⁻¹ DM, except for two of the cultivars (Summered and Belle de Boskoop) which had a higher content (105 ± 6 g kg⁻¹ DM). Interestingly, the organic acid content was only slightly reduced upon storage in the case of Belle de Boskoop, whereas there was a substantial decrease in all the other cultivars (p < 0.001). Sucrose (p < 0.01) and starch (p < 0.05) contents decreased in all cultivars following storage, whereas sorbitol (p < 0.05) and total dietary fibre (p < 0.05) contents increased. It is concluded that the observed differences in composition are of such magnitude that they may affect both nutritional and sensory properties. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

几种除草剂对苹果砧木海棠幼苗的安全性评价

针对目前生产需要果树苗田化学除草,选用生产上常用的8种土壤处理除草剂进行温室盆栽安全性试验。结果表明,不同药剂对苹果砧木西府海棠（Malus micromalus)幼苗的安全性不同,其中60％丁草胺150ml,667m^2、72％异丙甲草胺200—250ml／667m^2、41％甲草胺200ml／667m^2在海棠播后苗前施药安全。33％二甲戊乐灵150ml／667m^2和48％氟乐灵100-150ml／667m^2在海棠5叶期施药比较安全。