基于多元统计方法的新疆巴里坤盆地地下水水化学特征及其影响因素分析

多元统计方法能同时对多个变量进行分析研究,是一种可用于地下水水化学特征相关分析的有效工具。基于12组水样的9项指标,运用多元统计方法系统分析了新疆巴里坤盆地地下水水化学特征及其影响因素。结果表明：该地区内主要分布低矿化度的HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na型水（占总取样点的33.3%）和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型水（占总取样点的25.0%）,地下水中各离子的空间变异性为中等以上。地下水水化学特征主要受以Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、总硬度（TH）、溶解性总固体（TDS）为主要荷载变量的蒸发浓缩作用和以HCO^-₃为主要荷载变量的溶滤作用影响,两种作用的贡献率分别达76.17%和14.87%。研究结果可为当地地下水资源的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

宁夏汉延渠灌区灌溉水利用系数测算分析与评价

农田灌溉水利用系数表示从水源引水被农作物吸收利用的过程,是反应灌区灌溉用水效率的一项指标。本文以汉延渠灌区为例,综合考虑宁夏的气候环境、土壤类型、灌溉制度及作物种植结构等因素,选取典型渠段和样点灌区,分别采用"连乘法"和"首尾法"计算宁夏汉延渠灌区2018—2019年的灌溉水利用系数,并对其进行对比分析评价,从而确定灌区适宜的计算方法。     

An environmental flow method applied in small and medium-sized mountainous rivers

In small and medium-sized mountainous rivers, there are usually hydropower stations in upper reaches as well as widened and heightened river sections in downstream reaches that are close to settlements. The environmental flow (EF) ensures river connectivity and the survival of aquatic organisms. The Tennant and wetted perimeter methods were used to calculate the minimum EF, and the R2CROSS criteria were used to evaluate the rationality of hydraulic parameters. The result shows that downstream areas with large cross-sections may suffer from shallow water depths, insufficient wetted perimeters, and poor overall connectivity of the water bodies, even under the standard EF discharges. A novel method was proposed to ensure EF and sustain suitable hydraulic conditions. The minimum EF calculated by the Tennant method is adopted as the design flow, and a small trapezoidal trough channel is excavated on the wide riverbed of an artificial river section. The width and depth of the small channel are calculated with Manning's equation. As a study case, this method was applied in the Fenglingang River in Zhejiang Province of China. A trapezoidal groove with a depth of 0.74 m and a bottom width of 0.52 m was excavated in the center of Fenglingang River to sustain EF and maintain river connectivity. This small channel not only prevents the river from cutoff, but also enables the water depth and wetted perimeter to meet the demand of aquatic organisms.     

A factor mining model with optimized random forest for concrete dam deformation monitoring

The unique structure of a dam complicates safety monitoring. Deformation can provide important information about dam evolution. In contrast to model prediction, actual dam response monitoring data can be used for diagnosis and early warning. Given the poor data mining ability of the conventional methods, it is essential to develop a method for extracting the factors influencing a dam. In this study, a data mining method and a model for evaluation of concrete dam deformation were developed using the evidence theory and a random forest. The model has the advantages of being easily understood, visualization with low complexity of training time, and accurate prediction. The model was applied to an actual concrete dam. The results indicated that the proposed random forest model could be used in analysis of concrete dams.     

大凌河流域典型水生植物微生物群落吸附特征试验分析

本文采用高通测序方法对大凌河流域五刺金鱼藻、格菱、狐尾藻、水蓼及芦苇5种水生植物不同季节的微生物群落进行试验分析,分析表明:藻类密度在沉水植物表层要高于浮叶植物表层,微生物群落在浮叶植物根部的结构与其表面存在明显差异。各水生植物的优势生物群落依次为变形菌、梭菌、柔膜菌、鞭脂杆菌、杆菌、疣微菌门,且各微生物群落在季节丰度上存在明显差异性。由此可见,水环境对生物群落的影响要高于植物类型。研究成果可为大凌河流域生态修复工程提供重要理论依据。     

基于AHP和熵权法组合权重的京津冀地区水循环健康模糊综合评价

在阐明健康水循环内涵的基础上,构建涵盖水资源、水环境、水生态、水效用和水灾害等5个准则层,包括降水量、人均水资源量、亩均水资源量、地下水供水占比等18个指标的水循环健康评价指标体系,采用层次分析法与熵权法组合赋权,运用模糊综合评价法评价了京津冀地区2009-2018年水循环健康状况。评价结果显示:近10年京津冀地区水循环健康状况总体呈逐步向好趋势,北京、天津和河北水循环健康等级分别为亚健康、一般和亚病态;中水供水率、平原地下水埋深下降量、河湖调蓄能力、万元工业增加值用水量等是影响京津冀地区健康水循环的主要指标,但各指标间发展不平衡,仍有较大提升空间。     

水源涵养内涵及估算方法综述

水源涵养和生态系统过程与人类生产生活紧密相关,深入研究水源涵养对维持生态系统健康和人类社会可持续发展至关重要,对促进人与水和谐共生具有指导意义。随着对水源涵养研究与应用的深入,水源涵养内涵逐渐丰富,评估方法愈加多样,但以往的研究中水源涵养定义模糊,缺乏对各种评估方法的综合性对比分析,因此急需明确界定水源涵养内涵,分析各种估算方法的适用性。采用文献分析法系统梳理水源涵养研究历程,将其划分为认识与萌芽期、理论发展期、定量计算和模型综合评估等4个阶段;从定义、水量与功能等3个方面明确界定水源涵养内涵,从原理、时空尺度、适用范围及优缺点方面对已有水源涵养量估算方法进行对比和分析,并展望水源涵养研究的未来发展方向。     

黄河内蒙古段冰盖厚度模拟

基于原型观测数据对黄河内蒙古段的冰盖厚度进行模拟,通过引入Colburn类比法计算冰盖下的热通量,在热力学方程中引入河流流量、水流流速、水位河道坡降、冰盖糙率等因素,改进基于Stefan公式的度日法冰厚计算模型。采用巴彦高勒至头道拐河段4个测站的原型观测数据率定该冰厚计算模型的相关参数,并通过气温、水温数据进行冰厚计算。结果表明：改进后的冰厚计算模型在计算结果的精度上达到1.97％,相比于Stefan模型的14.99％、统一度日法模型的4.77％、动水冰厚辐射冰冻度日法模型的14.98％,精度上有所提升,冰厚变化趋势与现场原型观测趋势一致;根据累积气温值与气温序列特征分析2006—2017年的头道拐测站气温数据,提取冬季累积气温值最大的2009—2010年进行冰厚计算,模型计算结果精度为734％。[JP]改进模型在正常天气条件和极端天气条件下的冰厚计算结果均保持较高的精度,研究结果可为极端天气条件下研究区的冰厚计算提供理论依据。     

An implicit enthalpy scheme for one-phase Stefan problems

A compact finite-difference scheme to solve one-phase Stefan problems in one dimension is described. Numerical experiments indicate that the moving interface is obtained withO(t) accuracy when 3–4 iterations per time step are used to solve the nonlinear implicit scheme. The scheme can be adapted to ADI methods in higher dimensions.     

面向软件演化的可靠性分析代数方法

环境和需求的改变导致软件演化发生, 并通常会使软件架构(Software architecture, SA)产生变化.现有的结构化软件可靠性模型对评价软件初始结构设计有不错的效果, 但在软件演化时的实时分析方面有局限性.从软件结构建模出发, 通过使用代数方法将软件演化描述为原子操作序列, 并跟踪分析序列中每一步操作对可靠性的影响, 从而建立基于过程的可靠性分析方法.方法可分析演化关键环节及整体趋势, 用以进一步反馈和约束演化方案设计, 最终达到提高软件产品质量的目的.通过对2个实际算例的深入分析与讨论, 方法的有效性与易用性得到验证.