Rheological properties of gluten-free bread formulations

In this study, the rheological properties of rice bread dough containing different gums with or without emulsifiers were determined. In addition, the quality of rice breads (volume, firmness and sensory analysis) was evaluated. Different gums (xanthan gum, guar gum, locust bean gum (LBG), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), pectin, xanthan–guar, and xanthan–LBG blend) and emulsifiers (Purawave^™ and DATEM) were used to find the best formulation for gluten-free breads. Rice dough and wheat dough containing no gum and emulsifier were used as control formulations. The rice dough containing different gums with or without emulsifiers at 25 °C showed shear-thinning behavior with a flow behavior index (n) ranging from 0.33–0.68 (except pectin containing samples) and consistency index (K) ranging from 2.75–61.7 Pa sⁿ. The highest elastic (G′) and loss (G″) module were obtained for rice dough samples containing xanthan gum, xanthan–guar and xanthan–LBG blend with DATEM. When Purawave^™ was used as an emulsifier, dough samples had relatively smaller consistency index and viscoelastic moduli values compared to DATEM. The viscoelastic parameters of rice dough were found to be related to bread firmness. Addition of DATEM improved bread quality in terms of specific volume and sensory values.     

Bread improvers: Comparison of a range of lipases with a traditional emulsifier

This study compares three generations of lipase enzymes with the emulsifier, diacetyl tartaric esters of mono-glycerides (DATEM), on white wheat flour bread. Baking recipes with addition of DATEM (4500 ppm), Lipopan F-BG (15 ppm), Gryndamyl Exel-16 (115 ppm), Lipopan Xtra-BG (25 ppm) and Lipopan 50-BG (27.5 ppm) were test-baked after 60 and 150 min fermentations, to study their effects on the baking characteristics of volume, oven rise, crust colour, crumb texture and colour, shelf-life, flavour and aroma. The enzymes and emulsifier preparation caused significant increase in bread oven rise and specific volume with the exception of Lipopan 50-BG, which failed to improve loaf volume in the short fermentation method. There was no significant difference between other lipase enzymes and DATEM as a bread volume improver. Increase in fermentation time resulted in increase in volume in all samples, except for Lipopan-Xtra.     

乳化剂对乳化炸药爆炸性能影响的研究

为了探究乳化剂对乳化炸药爆炸性能的影响,分别选取了三种不同的乳化剂制备乳化炸药,采用测时仪法和铅柱压缩法测试了各乳化炸药的爆速和猛度,结果发现,不同乳化剂制备的乳化炸药爆炸性能存在差异。单一的乳化剂不能达到最好的乳化效果,复合乳化剂能改善这一情况,一定程度上提高乳化炸药的爆炸性能。     

原油组分及乳化剂对乳状液黏度影响分析

在油井堵水技术中,活性原油堵水技术以其低成本、低伤害、有效期长等特点越来越受到人们的关注。但是在应用中发现,不同区块进行活性原油堵水调剖效果差异较大,有些区块措施效果明显,而另一些区块则效果很差,分析原因为不同区块原油组分中胶质、沥青质含量差异较大,而该物质会对活性原油乳化效果产生较大的影响。为了从根本上提高活性原油堵水技术水平,通过室内乳化实验和光谱实验分析了乳化剂结构和原油组分对油包水乳状液的影响因素。分析得出,乳化剂Span系列的亲油端碳碳单链长度越长,乳状液黏度越大;而双键的存在不利于形成乳状液,且形成的乳状液黏度低;胶质中的5个芳香环排列组成的成分有利于沥青质的溶解,同时5个芳香环的面性排列会增加乳状液的黏度。     

Formation of nanoemulsions stabilized by model food-grade emulsifiers using high-pressure homogenization: Factors affecting particle size

Nanoemulsions are finding increasing utilization in the food and beverage industries for certain applications because of their unique physicochemical and functional properties: high encapsulation efficiency; low turbidity; high bioavailability; high physical stability. In this study, we examined the impact of system composition and homogenization conditions on the formation of nanoemulsions using a high-pressure homogenizer (microfluidizer). The mean particle diameter decreased with increasing homogenization pressure and number of passes, with a linear log–log relationship between mean particle diameter and homogenization pressure. The minimum droplet diameter that could be produced after 6 passes at 14 kbar depended strongly on emulsifier type and concentration: SDS < Tween 20 < β-lactoglobulin < sodium caseinate. Small-molecule surfactants formed smaller droplets than proteins, which was attributed to their ability to rapidly adsorb to the droplet surfaces during homogenization. The impact of phase viscosity was examined by using different octadecane-to-corn oil ratios in the oil phase and different glycerol-to-water ratios in the aqueous phase. The minimum droplet size achievable decreased as the ratio of disperse phase to continuous phase viscosities (η_D/η_C) decreased for SDS-stabilized emulsions, but was relatively independent of η_D/η_C for β-lactoglobulin-stabilized emulsions. At low viscosity ratios, much smaller mean droplet diameters could be achieved for SDS (d ∼ 60 nm) than for β-lactoglobulin (d ∼ 150 nm). The information reported in this study will facilitate the rational design of food-grade nanoemulsions using high-pressure homogenization methods.     

乳化剂种类对HPMC基抗氧化避光膜材结构及抗氧化性能的影响

羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)具有良好的成膜性能,加入柠檬酸钠(SC)可制备成避光膜,在此基础上利用不同种类的乳化剂包埋油溶性茶多酚(LTP)加入到HPMC基避光膜中制备出HPMC基抗氧化避光膜。运用衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱(ATR FT-IR),广角X射线衍射(XRD),小角X射线散射(SAXS),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及过氧化值测定等方法研究了复合膜内的分子相互作用,结晶结构,分形结构,形貌结构和抗氧化性能。研究表明,不同的乳化剂种类使得膜材断面结构发生变化,断面孔洞的数量,大小与形状也有了一定程度的改变;影响到HPMC复合膜材内有关CH、—CH 2—及—CH 3官能团的振动收缩;并且能够使得复合膜内HPMC分子链的碰撞和重组从而影响结晶结构的组成和结晶度大小;同时对于体系内油溶性茶多酚的释放产生一定影响。     

稠油管输乳化降粘剂选择方法综述

简要介绍稠油乳化降粘管输的机理,并针对乳化降粘剂的选择方法进行总结概括。重点介绍了HLB法乳化剂筛选,HLB值判断,以及HLB计算方法。并从乳化降粘率、乳化剂的稳定性、乳化剂的流变性和乳化剂的破乳性能等方面进行评价O/W型乳状液,选择适配的乳化剂。     

Microscopic Frictional Response of Sodium Oleate Self-Assembled on Steel

The article peruses the frictional response of an important metal working lubricant additive, sodium oleate. Frictional force microscopy is used to track the response of molecules self-assembled on a steel substrate of 3–4 nm roughness at 0% relative humidity. The friction-normal load characteristic emerges as bell-shaped, where the peak friction and normal load at peak friction are both sensitive to substrate roughness. The frictional response at loads lower than that associated with the peak friction is path reversible while at higher loads the loading and unloading paths are different. We suggest that a new low-friction interface material is created when the normal loads are high.     

钴与邻硝基苯基荧光酮、CPB、乳化剂OP的显色反应

本文研究了钴与邻硝基苯基荧光酮、CPB、乳化剂OP多元配合物的显色反应。在pHl0.5时,其最大吸收波长在640nm,摩尔吸光系数为1.59×10~5,钴量在0～14μg/25ml范围内符合比尔定律。应用于矿石中微量钴的测定,结果满意。     

乳化剂OP存在下用PMBP光度测定低含量铁

本文研究了在乳化剂OP存在下,用1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰-吡啶酮-[5](PMBP)快速、简便和选择测定低含量铁的方法。在OP的酸性水溶液中,Fe(Ⅲ)与PMBP生成桔红色螫合物。本法用于测定合金中的铁,得到较满意的结果。