基团立体屏蔽效应对取代咪唑离子液体酸性的影响

影响取代咪唑阳离子C2-H酸性(pKa)的重要因素有二:H原子所带的部分正电荷和取代基的立体屏蔽效应,前者可用C2-H的1H NMR化学位移δC2-H度量,后者用基团拓扑立体效应指数TSEI衡量.咪唑阳离子C2-H的pKa可由以下方程估算:pKa=58.10-4.208δC2-H+1.659TSEI该式的标准偏差只有0.28 pKa单位,估算结果与文献报导的pKa值相吻合.表明如要精确估算pKa,必须考虑取代基立体屏蔽效应;当希望用碱性较低的亲核试剂脱除取代咪唑阳离子的C2-H形成卡宾时,应采用芳香基取代的咪唑离子;若使用取代咪唑离子液体作溶剂,并且在碱性较强的条件下进行有机反应,则最好选择立体屏蔽效应大的非芳香基取代的咪唑离子.     

基于中间节点效应的无标度网络演化模型研究

原BA模型以网络中已存在的各个节点与新增节点的连接相互独立为前提。然而,在真实系统中,当网络中一个节点与新增节点连接后,该节点对其邻居节点与新增节点的连接会存在影响。针对该现象,提出了基于中间节点效应的无标度网络演化模型。首先描述与定义了中间节点效应,然后给出了中间节点效应模型的生成算法,并从理论上分析了该模型的度分布情况,最后利用仿真验证了理论分析的正确性,并就度分布、群聚系数、平均路径长度等复杂网络参数与原BA模型进行了对比,结果表明此模型能生成无标度网络并且更符合现实网络的演化过程。     

信息检索中的广义作用效应链应用研究

广义作用句和广义效应句的划分是作用效应链思想在句类体系中的体现.这一划分是对自然语言语句的一个最基本的分类.如果结合信息检索中采取的统计学办法,在检索结果的基础上进行二次精筛选,则提供给查询用户的结果必将更符合实际需求,能更有效提高信息检索的正确率.从人为数据统计结果来看,这一思路有效地把统计方·法和基本规则方法结合起来,提高了信息检索的检索准确率.     

海底地形测量波束角效应的建模与仿真

为了解决回声测深仪波束角效应引起测深图像产生失真变形的问题,应用微分几何的原理对波束角角效应的空间结构及其数学原理进行建模.找出失真规律,并提出了波束角效应的失真模型.模型的优越之处在于提出决定波束角效应发生作用的是海底地形的线性特征而不是形状特征.最后设计仿真试验对模型进行了验证,仿真结果证明了模型的正确性.     

基于B/S模式的复杂监测效果的设计与实现

通过对基于B/S模式的过程工业监测系统中复杂监测效果实现难点的分析,本文提出了利用事先准备好的基本图元结合JavaScript脚本语言和程序开发语言来解决这个问题的方法,并以水池液位、曝气机和开关三种类型动态效果具体实例的实现,详细介绍了复杂监测效果的实现方法。该方法减轻了服务器的负担,增加了整个系统的稳定性和可移植性。     

网络化控制系统中状态估计策略的进展

在网络化控制系统(Networked Control Systems,简记为NCSs)中,由于网络的介入使控制系统的规模和复杂性显著增加,且产生了各种新问题,为了使控制更加容易,需要设计合理的估计策略.主要从控制和通信2个角度出发,集中考虑了在量化影响、时延与丢包、不确定性等通信受限因素下状态估计策略的研究与进展.一直以来,状态估计都是诸如过程监控、故障诊断等控制领域中不可缺少的重要部分,当前已成为网络化控制系统研究的热点和准点,为抵消网络环境不确定性对闭环系统性能的影响,设计最优的状态估计策略必将成为不可缺少的因素之一.     

Complex radial basis function networks trained by QR‐decomposition recursive least square algorithms applied in behavioral modeling of nonlinear power amplifiers

In this article, we propose a novel complex radial basis function network approach for dynamic behavioral modeling of nonlinear power amplifier with memory in 3 G systems. The proposed approach utilizes the complex QR‐decomposition based recursive least squares (QRD‐RLS) algorithm, which is implemented using the complex Givens rotations, to update the weighting matrix of the complex radial basis function (RBF) network. Comparisons with standard least squares algorithms, in batch and recursive process, the QRD‐RLS algorithm has the characteristics of good numerical robustness and regular structure, and can significantly improve the complex RBF network modeling accuracy. In this approach, only the signal's complex envelope is used for the model training and validation. The model has been validated using ADS simulated and real measured data. Finally, parallel implementation of the resulting method is briefly discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

Experimental and numerical investigation into the joule heating effect for electrokinetically driven microfluidic chips utilizing total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

This paper presents a detection scheme for analyzing the temperature distribution nearby the channel wall in a microfluidic chip utilizing a temperature-dependent fluorescence dye. An advanced optical microscope system—total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is used for measuring the temperature distribution on the channel wall at the point of electroosmotic flow in an electrokinetically driven microfluidic chip. In order to meet the short working distance of the objective type TIRFM scheme, microscope cover glass slits are used to fabricate the microfluidic chips. The short fluorescence excitation depth from a TIRFM system makes the intensity information obtained using TIRFM is not sensitive to the channel depth variation which ususally biases the measured results while using a conventional Epi-fluorescence microscope (EPI-FM). Therefore, a TIRFM can precisely describe the temperature profile of the distance within 100 nm of the channel wall where consists of the Stern layer and the diffusion layer for an electrokinetic microfluidic system. Results indicate the proposed TIRFM provides higher measurement sensitivity over the EPI-FM. Significant temperature gradient along the channel depth is experimentally observed. In addition, the measured wall temperature distributions can be the boundary conditions for numerical investigation into the joule heating effect. The proposed method gives a precise temperature profile of microfluidic channels and shows the substantial impact on developing a numerical simulation model for precisely predicting the joule heating effect in microfluidic chips.     

计算机时代的设计效果图渲染新说

手工绘图时期非常注重各种绘图工具的学习,计算机的出现使得手工绘图工具对效果图的渲染变的不再重要。要想画好效果图,提高人脑的认识才是关键。本文从实践设计总结的经验出发,提出效果图渲染的学习,从认识上可以分为"全因素表现"和"快速表现";进一步又阐述了每种渲染在设计师的头脑认识上需要把握哪好些处理内容。     

APF-guided adaptive immune network algorithm for robot path planning

Inspired by the mechanism of Jerne’s idiotypic network hypothesis, a new adaptive immune network algorithm (AINA) is presented through the stimulation and suppression between the antigen and antibody by taking the environment and robot behavior as antigen and antibody respectively. A guiding weight is defined based on the artificial potential field (APF) method, and the guiding weight is combined with antibody vitality to construct a new antibody selection operator, which improves the searching efficiency. In addition, an updating operator of antibody vi-tality is provided based on the Baldwin effect, which results in a positive feedback mechanism of search and accelerates the convergence of the immune network. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is characterized by high searching speed, good convergence performance and strong planning ability, which solves the path planning well in complicated environments.