Impacts of stove/fuel use and outdoor air pollution on chemical composition of household particulate matter

Biomass combustion for cooking and heating releases particulate matter (PM_2.5) that contributes to household air pollution. Fuel and stove types affect the chemical composition of household PM, as does infiltration of outdoor PM. Characterization of these impacts can inform future exposure assessments and epidemiologic studies, but is currently limited. In this study, we measured chemical components of PM_2.5 (water-soluble organic matter [WSOM], ions, black carbon, elements, organic tracers) in rural Chinese households using traditional biomass stoves, semi-gasifier stoves with pelletized biomass, and/or non-biomass stoves. We distinguished households using one stove type (traditional, semi-gasifier, or LPG/electric) from those using multiple stoves/fuels. WSOM concentrations were higher in households using only semi-gasifier or traditional stoves (31%-33%) than in those with exclusive LPG/electric stove (13%) or mixed stove use (12%-22%). Inorganic ions comprised 14% of PM in exclusive LPG/electric households, compared to 1%-5% of PM in households using biomass. Total PAH content was much higher in households that used traditional stoves (0.8-2.8 mg/g PM) compared to those that did not (0.1-0.3 mg/g PM). Source apportionment revealed that biomass burning comprised 27%-84% of PM_2.5 in households using biomass. In all samples, identified outdoor sources (vehicles, dust, coal combustion, secondary aerosol) contributed 10%-20% of household PM_2.5.     

天然气纯氧回转化铁炉的应用

总结了天然气纯氧回转化铁炉在减少铁烧损和提高炉衬寿命等两方面的技术进展和经验,包括通过提高天然气的加热功率、造稀渣以减少铁烧损的经验,包括采用中性耐火材料、严格执行筑炉和烘炉的工艺规范、提高炉衬烧结温度、控制炉膛温度、优化加热程序等以提高炉衬寿命的经验,同时介绍了笔者公司所研制的回转炉在灰口铸铁机床床身、球墨铸铁管件、铸铁锅等铸铁件生产中的应用和降低铸件生产成本的有关数据。     

Wood stove use and other determinants of personal and indoor exposures to particulate air pollution and ozone among elderly persons in a Northern Suburb

A six‐month winter‐spring study was conducted in a suburb of the northern European city of Kuopio, Finland, to identify and quantify factors determining daily personal exposure and home indoor levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5, diameter <2.5 µm) and its light absorption coefficient (PM_2.5abs), a proxy for combustion‐derived black carbon. Moreover, determinants of home indoor ozone (O₃) concentration were examined. Local central site outdoor, home indoor, and personal daily levels of pollutants were monitored in this suburb among 37 elderly residents. Outdoor concentrations of the pollutants were significant determinants of their levels in home indoor air and personal exposures. Natural ventilation in the detached and row houses increased personal exposure to PM_2.5, but not to PM_2.5abs, when compared with mechanical ventilation. Only cooking out of the recorded household activities increased indoor PM_2.5. The use of a wood stove room heater or wood‐fired sauna stove was associated with elevated concentrations of personal PM_2.5 and PM_2.5abs, and indoor PM_2.5abs. Candle burning increased daily indoor and personal PM_2.5abs, and it was also a determinant of indoor ozone level. In conclusion, relatively short‐lasting wood and candle burning of a few hours increased residents’ daily exposure to potentially hazardous, combustion‐derived carbonaceous particulate matter.     

酒钢2×8m~2球团竖炉提高利用系数的生产实践

酒钢2×8m2球团竖炉自投产以来,不断地进行配矿研究、设备改造和操作方法的改进,使竖炉利用系数不断提高,大大缓解了高炉对球团产能的压力。     

铜陵海螺10 000t/d熟料生产线烧成系统的工艺配置

铜陵海螺10000t/d熟料生产线是中国第一、世界第四条生产线.该线烧成系统窑规格为O6.0m×95m,开创性采用了单分解炉双系列预热器,更加方便系统参数的调节和控制,系统操作更易于平衡和优化,并使系统投资额降低15%以上.系统配置的分解炉设有低NOx分解段,窑用燃烧器为丹麦史密斯公司的低NOx的DBC型Duoflex四通道煤粉燃烧器,经标定,在系统满负荷运行的正常工况下,出C1级预热器废气的NOx含量只有3×10-4左右.文章同时对该系统的设计进行了客观评价.     

纳米Fe3O4的制备及其对发烟剂性能的影响

采用化学共沉淀法制备了纳米Fe3O4粒子,以微米Fe3O4、微米TiO2、纳米TiO2/Fe3O4及纳米Fe3O4为氧化剂配制了不同的发烟剂.采用XRD、DTA、红外透过率测试等方法对纳米Fe3O4及发烟剂的性能进行了表征,研究了发烟剂的燃烧性能和红外消光性能.结果表明,与常规氧化剂相比,纳米Fe3O4作氧化剂的发烟剂放热峰温前移,燃烧热变小,燃速加快,红外消光性能有一定提高.纳米Fe3O4用于发烟剂中氧化剂,有助于提高发烟剂的燃烧性能和红外消光性能.     

循环流化床锅炉与层燃锅炉燃烧特点分析

结合我市1台UG635—3．82／450-M型层燃电站锅炉改造成45t／h循环流化床锅炉的成功经验．对这2种炉型的燃烧特点进行比较和分析。     

交通运输中的清洁替代能源--甲醇及其性能分析

本文介绍了当前能源与环保问题的紧迫性,提出了根据我国的能源状况应对能源危机的措施———煤制甲醇,同时分析了甲醇柴油双燃料发动机的性能。     

玻璃制品壳体自动烧净机的研制

介绍了一种玻璃制品壳体烧净机的改进方法，较为详细地分析了改进后的电气控制线路工作原理及技术参数。     

75t/h生物质锅炉技术介绍

本文详细介绍了中温分离循环流化床生物质锅炉技术特点,设计工作中遇到的难点及解决的方案.以湖南某浆纸公司已运行的两台75/h生物质锅炉为例,详细介绍了锅炉运行产生的显著经济效益和社会效益.并客观分析其运行反应出的问题.对今后生物质锅炉制造提供借鉴.