Pressure effects on shear deformation of borosilicate glasses

The shear behaviors of two multicomponent borosilicate glasses, Borofloat®33 (Boro33) and N-BK7® (N-BK7), under different pressures are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The addition of alkali ions lowers the yield stress and changes the pressure dependence of shear modulus. Shear-induced densification is observed in both glasses. It is found that the decreases of the oxygen-centered bond angle and the coordination number change of B are responsible for the density changes at low pressures, and the increase of 5-coordinated Si is the dominant mechanism for densification at high pressures. The average shear stresses experienced by Si and B decrease with pressure except that the flow stress of Si at the end of shear deformation in N-BK7. Moreover, the average shear stress of B is more sensitive to the applied pressures compared to Si, suggesting that B is able to relax mechanical stress more easily under pressurized-shear. By analyzing the nonaffine displacement of atoms, it is found that N-BK7 exhibits more localized plastic deformation compared to Boro33 at low pressures and the local rearrangements in both glasses become more homogeneous with increasing pressure. The mean squared nonaffine displacement curves show that alkali ions have the highest mobility induced by shear compared to the network formers and B is more mobile than Si for both glasses. We also observed that plastic deformation tends to take place around boron atoms for Boro33, whereas it occurs in the alkali-rich regions for N-BK7, indicating that these two glasses have different atomic-scale deformation mechanisms.     

Method for calculating dynamic yield stress of fresh cement pastes using a coaxial cylinder system

The calculation of the rheological parameters of fresh cement pastes plays a key role in understanding the rheology of cement-based mixes. Because cement paste is not a simple Bingham fluid, a suitable nonlinear model must be found for characterizing its flow. A test system in which the rotational speed or shear rate can be changed in multiple steps is regarded as a suitable rheological test protocol because the paste reaches a steady state. Furthermore, theoretical derivations show that the solution of the Couette inverse problem corresponding to the modified Bingham model and the Herschel–Bulkley (H-B) model is complex. However, a comparative analysis revealed that the yield stress of fresh paste could easily be obtained through a calculation process based on a Parabolic model. This study presents the complete calculation procedure for this model. The influence of the plug flow is considered, and test points with low minimum shear stress (τ_min) are excluded. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with the results obtained using mini-cone slump tests. These results show that the dynamic yield stress calculated using the expression of the Couette inverse problem based on the Parabolic model in consideration of the plug flow is very close to the yield stress obtained using the mini-cone slump flow test. This proves that the proposed method could precisely characterize the dynamic yield stress of cement pastes.     

Improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by ternary blending with bio-based alcohols and diesel from direct coal liquefaction

The utilization and popularization of biodiesel are always limited by its poor cold flow properties. Both bio-based alcohol and diesel from direct coal liquefaction (DDCL) has potential to enhance the cold flow properties of biodiesel. In this study, ternary blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (BWCO) with DDCL and bio-based ethanol (ET) or 1-butanol (BT) were conducted to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. The pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and cloud point (CP) of BWCO-ET, BWCO-BT, and BWCO-DDCL binary blends, and BWCO-ET-DDCL and BWCO-BT-DDCL ternary blends were comparatively assessed. Ternary phase diagrams were also applied to analyze the blending effect of the three components on the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Results showed that both DDCL, ET, and BT can remarkably enhance the cold flow properties of BWCO. When the ternary blends contain 20 vol.% BWCO and less than 40 vol.% ET or BT, DDCL together with ET or BT exerted positive effects on enhancing the low-temperature flow properties of BWCO, especially on the CP and CFPP. For ternary blends in 20:10:70 blending ratio, BWCO-BT-DDCL exhibited the lowest PP, CFPP, and CP of −23, −19, and −17°C, respectively. The crystallization behavior and crystal morphology of blended fuels are also observed via a polarizing optical microscope, and find that DDCL together with BT in biodiesel can effectively retard the aggregation of large crystals and inhibit crystals growth.     

A New Research Infrastructure for Investigating Flow Hydraulics and Process Equipment at Critical Fluid Properties

An optimized equipment design for natural gas processing and liquefaction plants becomes increasingly difficult with changing process conditions: Particularly low values of surface tension create rising challenges on the design of phase separators and column internals. The TERESA test rig at HZDR was designed to allow the investigation of multiphase thermohydraulics and phase separator performance under critical fluid properties in industrial dimensions. A versatile pipe test section is available in DN200 and equipment internals may be tested in a sectional DN300/DN500 test separator. The applied test fluid shows a high vapor-liquid density difference between 1470 and 940 kg m⁻³, viscosity as low as 0.12 mm²s⁻¹, and surface tension down to 1.3 mN m⁻¹. Volumetric liquid and vapor flow rates may be varied up to 9 and 530 m³h⁻¹ in the test rig, respectively.     

提升电力信息物理系统韧性的通信网鲁棒优化方法

依赖于先进信息技术的现代电力系统是典型的信息物理系统。电力信息物理系统不仅在业务层面存在能量流与信息流的耦合,在网架拓扑层面,物理电网和电力通信网因采用光纤复合架空地线等也存在高度的耦合特性,因此存在着故障跨空间传播的风险。为提高电力信息物理系统的韧性,基于建立的信息流及通信网模型,文中定义了一种考虑信息-物理耦合的信息流关联负荷度指标及通信网关联负荷度指标,并提出了一种面向极端场景下电力信息物理系统韧性的通信网鲁棒优化方法。该优化方法可用于电力通信网中与负荷相关的传输网层面关键业务,将重要的信息分配到更可靠的链路上,实现极端场景下电力信息物理系统韧性的提升。基于中国广东电网的实际算例系统验证了所提方法的有效性,该方法已初步应用于广东电网原型系统。     

基于特征电压注入的UPFC接入线路三相自适应重合闸方案

输电线路自适应重合闸技术的难点在于故障性质的准确判别。针对统一潮流控制器(UPFC)接入线路的故障场景,利用UPFC灵活的可控性,文中提出基于特征电压注入的三相自适应重合闸方案。首先,通过切换UPFC串联侧模块化多电平换流器(MMC)控制方式,采用定U/f控制注入特征电压。在此基础上,通过判断线路是否产生特征电流识别永久性故障与瞬时性故障;针对高阻故障的特殊场景,进一步提出阶段性注入特征电流判据提高故障性质判别的可靠性。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台验证了所提出的三相自适应重合闸方案的可行性和有效性。     

考虑交通流量捕获的风-氢-电耦合网络规划

研究在风-氢-电耦合网络下的制氢加氢站(HPRS)与风电场的选址定容问题,以期实现HPRS与风电场的科学布局.首先,建立了包含氢气生产、压缩和储存并被注入氢燃料汽车的HPRS全流程模型,模拟现场电解水HPRS的氢气生产和消耗;其次,提出交通网的加氢逻辑规则及网络扩展技术;最后,同时考虑交通网络约束、电力网络约束和设备运行约束,构建考虑交通流量捕获的风-氢-电耦合网络规划模型.以IEEE 33节点电力网络和25节点交通网络作为算例测试系统,研究结果验证了所提模型的有效性.     

混合型统一潮流控制器抑制风电次同步振荡控制策略

混合型统一潮流控制器(hybrid unified power flow controller,HUPFC)可以实现统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)与移相变压器(‘Sen’ transformer,ST)的优势互补,广泛应用于系统潮流控制之中。但是,尚未有文献开展HUPFC抑制系统次同步振荡(sub-synchronous oscillation,SSO)的研究。针对双馈风机(double-fed induction generator,DFIG)经串补输电系统存在的SSO问题,提出一种HUPFC附加有源电阻控制(supplementary active resistance control,SARC)策略。首先,阐述了HUPFC的原理及其SSO抑制机理。然后,设计了SARC策略,该策略通过实时跟踪线路中的次同步电流信号,使HUPFC向输电线路叠加一个与次同步电流信号相位相同、幅值可变的次同步电压,进而实现系统等效正电阻,达到抑制SSO的目的。最后,给出了SARC的参数设计方法,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境中,以华北某风电场为仿真算例,采用频率扫描与时域仿真相结合的方法,验证了所提HUPFC的SARC策略抑制双馈风机经串补输电系统SSO的有效性。     

干湿联合冷却塔消雾节水特性的耦合研究

随着节水、减排、环保等问题的日益严峻,消雾节水型冷却塔逐渐受重视。针对消雾节水型干湿联合冷却塔,建立其传热传质过程气水参数变化的理论计算模型,根据其出塔空气与环境空气掺混过程参数变化,计算分析其成雾特性、蒸发水量,并结合文献数据验证了计算模型的正确性。对标干湿联合冷却塔消雾验收测试的典型规程,通过出塔空气干湿球温度曲线、最大相对湿度曲线、成雾频率曲线和塔雾指数等,结合某干湿联合冷却塔实测数据,分析了干区进水比例对消雾特性、节水特性、冷却特性的影响。对所研究工况,百叶窗全开时干区进水比例越高,干湿联合冷却塔的消雾节水性能及冷却性能越好,为干湿联合冷却塔的设计优化和运行优化提供了参考和指导。