不同浊度下的泥沙对水体镉、铅、砷去除的影响分析

针对流域突发性重金属污染,不同浊度下的泥沙对重金属有一定的去除效果。以浊度为指示指标,通过试验研究了常温(25 ℃)和低温(5 ℃)条件下浊度50～650 NTU(Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)范围内泥沙对重金属镉、铅、砷吸附去除的影响。试验结果表明:泥沙对重金属镉、铅、砷的去除效果为铅＞镉＞砷,其中铅的去除率达到99%。浊度与能处理达标的最高重金属浓度呈线性关系,常温下浊度与能处理达标的最高镉、铅、砷浓度关系曲线的相关系数分别为0.996、0.998、0.999,低温下其相关系数分别为0.999、0.996、0.998。常温较低温更利于泥沙对重金属镉、铅、砷的去除,能去除更高浓度的重金属,达到生活饮用水卫生标准。     

氯化钙-腐殖酸活化作用下土壤Cd的电动脱除性能

为了提高稻田土壤Cd的去除率,同时减小对土壤pH值的影响,采用氯化钙-腐殖酸复合活化液增强土壤Cd的可移动性,基于电动土工合成材料(EKG)电动排水脱除土壤Cd,重点考察了不同活化剂浓度和活化时间下,土壤有效态Cd含量以及土壤pH值的变化,研究了活化-电动排水后土壤Cd的电动脱除量、土壤全Cd含量、有效态Cd含量、土壤pH值的变化。研究结果表明:0.5%氯化钙-1%腐殖酸对土壤Cd的活化效果最佳,土壤有效态Cd含量可从0.30 mg/kg提高至0.44 mg/kg,而活化处理后的土壤pH值仅降低约0.4;排尽上覆水后,通过电动排水可进一步脱除土壤Cd,土壤Cd的电动脱除量为上覆水中Cd含量的3倍左右;活化-电动排水后,土壤全Cd含量从1.72 mg/kg降低至1.20 mg/kg左右,土壤有效态Cd含量降至0.27~0.31 mg/kg,各截面土壤pH值较为均一且变化不明显,介于5.45~6.30之间。研究所提出的方法可最大限度地脱除土壤Cd,提高稻田土壤Cd的去除率,同时减小对土壤pH值的影响,一定程度上保证了农作物的安全生产。     

Effects of added Cd on Cd uptake by oilseed rape and pai-tsai co-cropping

The experiment was designed to study whether the decrease of Cd in the rhizosphere of Zhongyouza Ⅰ,one breed of oilseed rapes （Brassicajunica） that can hyperaccumulate cadmium from the soil, can improve the living condition of less Cd-tolerant plant pai-tsai （Brassia chinensis） with their roots permitted to intermingle and develop coincident rhizosphere. The extent of rhizosphere interactions between Zhongyouza Ⅰ and pai-tsai was controlled by different root barriers, or without barrier. The results show that in the 10 and 20 mg/kg Cd treated soils, pai-tsai gets higher shoot mass and less Cd accumulation in its shoot than in the barrier treatments or in the mono cultures, when its roots are permitted to intermingle with those of Zhongyouza Ⅰ. Meanwhile, soil decontamination rates of Zhongyouza Ⅰ are not affected much by co-cropping with pai-tsai, they are 80.0% and 91.8% of that in the mono cultures of Zhongyouza Ⅰ, respectively. However, the co-cropping method in meliorating the living condition of pai-tsai is not obvious when Cd concentration in soil reaches 40 mg/kg, and soil decontamination rate decreases to 0.14, which is 58.3% of that in the mono culture. These results indicate that the oilseed rape Zhongyouza Ⅰ may alleviate Cd toxicity of surrounding less-tolerant species, and its ability of phytoremediation is not affected much at the same time, especially in the middle polluted soil.     

从铜镉渣中回收镉的试验研究

本文介绍了从铜镉渣中回收镉的试验研究情况，采用酸浸-铜镉渣中和-锌粉除铜法处理铜镉渣，工艺简单合理，镉直收率高，有一定的推广价值。     

The Effect of Cadmium on GFR Is Clarified by Normalization of Excretion Rates to Creatinine Clearance

Erroneous conclusions may result from normalization of urine cadmium and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase concentrations ([Cd]_u and [NAG]_u) to the urine creatinine concentration ([cr]_u). In theory, the sources of these errors are nullified by normalization of excretion rates (E_Cd and E_NAG) to creatinine clearance (C_cr). We hypothesized that this alternate approach would clarify the contribution of Cd-induced tubular injury to nephron loss. We studied 931 Thai subjects with a wide range of environmental Cd exposure. For x = Cd or NAG, E_x/E_cr and E_x/C_cr were calculated as [x]_u/[cr]_u and [x]_u[cr]_p/[cr]_u, respectively. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated according to the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Epidemiology Collaboration (eGFR), and CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m². In multivariable logistic regression analyses, prevalence odds ratios (PORs) for CKD were higher for log(E_Cd/C_cr) and log(E_NAG/C_cr) than for log(E_Cd/E_cr) and log(E_NAG/E_cr). Doubling of E_Cd/C_cr and E_NAG/C_cr increased POR by 132% and 168%; doubling of E_Cd/E_cr and E_NAG/E_cr increased POR by 64% and 54%. As log(E_Cd/C_cr) rose, associations of eGFR with log(E_Cd/C_cr) and log(E_NAG/C_cr) became stronger, while associations of eGFR with log(E_Cd/E_cr) and log(E_NAG/E_cr) became insignificant. In univariate regressions of eGFR on each of these logarithmic variables, R² was consistently higher with normalization to C_cr. Our tabular and graphic analyses uniformly indicate that normalization to C_cr clarified relationships of E_Cd and E_NAG to eGFR.     

金属陶瓷防腐蚀涂层替代镀镉或镉−钛工艺的研究

针对钢制零件采用镀镉、镀镉?钛工艺存在氢脆、镉脆风险及不利于环境保护的现状,研究采用涂覆IPcote9183或IPcote9183+IPseal9184形成金属陶瓷防腐蚀涂层(MCAC)的替代工艺。对比结果表明:上述2种金属陶瓷涂层的氢脆性和耐蚀性优于镉及镉?钛镀层,其他性能相当,能够完全替代它们应用于起落架钢制零件的表面防护。     

Cardioinotropic Effects in Subchronic Intoxication of Rats with Lead and/or Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles

Subchronic intoxication was induced in outbred male rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections with lead oxide (PbO) and/or cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles (NPs) 3 times a week during 6 weeks for the purpose of examining its effects on the contractile characteristics of isolated right ventricle trabeculae and papillary muscles in isometric and afterload contractions. Isolated and combined intoxication with these NPs was observed to reduce the mechanical work produced by both types of myocardial preparation. Using the in vitro motility assay, we showed that the sliding velocity of regulated thin filaments drops under both isolated and combined intoxication with CdO–NP and PbO–NP. These results correlate with a shift in the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms towards slowly cycling β–MHC. The type of CdO–NP + PbO–NP combined cardiotoxicity depends on the effect of the toxic impact, the extent of this effect, the ratio of toxicant doses, and the degree of stretching of cardiomyocytes and muscle type studied. Some indices of combined Pb–NP and CdO–NP cardiotoxicity and general toxicity (genotoxicity included) became fully or partly normalized if intoxication developed against background administration of a bioprotective complex.     

湿法炼锌制镉碱渣综合回收实践

采用高温高酸氧化浸出工艺对湿法炼锌粗镉生产过程产出的制镉碱渣进行处理。通过“电解液+锰粉氧化浸出”与“电解液直接浸出”制镉碱渣小试工艺试验对比,获得高温高酸氧化浸出的工艺参数为：浸出温度85~90 ℃、浸出时间8 h以上、液固质量比~4 g/g,锌、镉高温高酸氧化浸出率分别达到96.88%、95.35%。通过工业化实践,将某锌冶炼厂长期堆存的制镉碱渣有效处理,实现锌、镉等有价金属的回收,提高金属回收率,同时避免含隔渣长期堆存带来的环保风险,具有较好的经济和环境效益。     

溴酚蓝-丁基罗丹明B双显色高灵敏体系测定废水中镉的研究

镉是一种高毒而且具有蓄积性的重金属 ,在环境中含量较低 ,需要灵敏的监测技术进行测定。研究了双显色体系测定镉的方法 ,对于Cd -邻二氮菲 -溴酚蓝形成的三元络合体系 ,首先用三氯甲烷萃取 ,然后加入碳酸钠解析 ,解析出来的溴酚蓝可与丁基罗丹明B形成染料离子对 ,该离子对被甲苯萃取 ,并用乙醇等色。在 5 89nm测定溴酚蓝 -丁基罗丹明B等色染料离子对的吸光度 ,该方法摩尔吸光系数可达到 4 .0 8× 10 5L/(mol·cm) ,在 6 .0× 10 -8～ 3.1× 10 -5mol/L范围内服从比尔定律 ,样品标准加入回收率为 98.0 %～ 10 1.8% ,相对标准偏差为3.2 % ,利用该高灵敏度体系测定了三个化工废水样品的镉 ,结果令人满意。