有机化学实验教学的几点思考

有机化学实验的原料大多是易燃易爆或有毒物质、所以对实验室的操作环境都有一定的要求,针对目前有机化学实验中的硬件设施的不足,提出了一定的改善意见,同时,作者根据自己指导有机化学实验多年的实际验经,对实验前预习、实验中的注意事项以及实验报告的撰写,提出了自己的意见和建议。     

Experiments of evacuation speed in smoke-filled tunnel

Among tunnel fire safety strategies, evacuation speed in smoke, which is the basic evacuation performance characteristic, is one of the most important factors when assessing safety. An evacuation experiment in a full-scale tunnel filled with smoke has been done in order to clarify the relation between extinction coefficient up to Cs = 1.0 m⁻¹, which includes Cs = 0.4 m⁻¹ as a Japanese road tunnel fire prevention standard, and evacuation speed. The maximum, minimum and mean values of normal walking speeds are almost constant regardless of the extinction coefficient. As for the emergency evacuation speeds, the maximum speed is largely influenced by extinction coefficient, decreasing rapidly from 3.55 m/s at Cs = 0.30 m⁻¹ to 2.53 m/s at Cs = 0.75 m⁻¹ while the minimum and mean speeds are almost constant with a slight decrease as Cs increases. The maximum evacuation speed trends in the present experiments and those in Frantzich and Nillson (2003, 2004) and Fridolf et al. (2013), lie on the same decreasing logarithmic curve as a function of extinction coefficient.     

钢铁中磷含量测定方法的研究

介绍了几种钢铁中磷含量的测定方法,着重对铋磷钼蓝分光光度法进行了研究,阐述了实验所需仪器、试剂以及实验试剂制备流程,通过探讨实验的准确度与精密度,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

机械结合面动态特性影响因素的研究

基于模态实验分析和有限元分析相结合的方法对固定结合面动态特性参数进行识别。对大量的实验数据进行分析,得出固定结合面在不同粗糙度、有无介质、不同材料及不同螺栓排布方式等不同因素影响下,动态特性参数的变化规律。为进一步的机械系统动力学仿真及其动态优化设计提供了参考依据。在总结实验结果的基础上,提出了结合面改进措施,为结合面的模态分析及优化设计提供了真实有效的数据。     

Shear‐friction strength in orthogonally reinforced concrete with tension acting across the shear plane

Abstract

An experimental and analytical study of the shear‐friction strength in orthogonally reinforced concrete with tension acting across the shear plane is presented in this paper. The parameters included in this study are the strength of the concrete, the magnitude of the tensile stress acting across the shear plane, the spacing of the orthogonal array of reinforcement and the angle of the shear plane to the orthogonal array of reinforcement. Based on test results in this study and results obtained by Hofbeck [3], Lin [4], Mattock [6–9] and Wu [11], the design equations in ACI Code [2], PCI Design Handbook [10] and Ref. [7] are modified to predict the shear‐friction strength of concrete reinforced with an orthogonal array of reinforcement.     

Influence of fabric structure and thickness on the ballistic impact behavior of Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene composite laminate

This paper presents the influence of fabric structure and thickness on the ballistic impact behavior of Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite laminate. UHMWPE composite laminates, reinforced by three kinds of fabric structures, unidirectional prepreg, 2D plain-woven and 3D single-ply orthogonal woven fabrics, were fabricated via hot pressing curing process. Through a series of standard ballistic tests, we demonstrated that unidirectional composite laminates exhibit higher ballistic impact velocity and absorbed energy capacity compared to others. A bi-linear relationship was found between the ballistic limit velocity and specimen thickness. Furthermore, the dominant failure mechanisms of unidirectional composite laminates were identified to be plugging and hole friction for thin laminates, whereas delamination, fiber tension and bulging for thick ones.     

聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液合成实验的改进

对常见的一个精细化工专业及高分子专业实验-聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液合成实验进行了探索,通过对反应温度、保护胶体种类、乳化剂种类与配比等条件的对比及优化,选取了更合适的原料及更优的工艺条件,使学生在实验过程中更易于掌握,制备出的乳液的稳定性及粘度都得到明显改善。     

How much carbon offsetting and where? Implications of efficiency,effectiveness, and ethicality considerations for public opinion formation

A fundamental policy design choice in government-led climate change mitigation is: what role should flexibility mechanisms like carbon offsetting play in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since public opinion affects the policy choices of government, we investigate how arguments regarding carbon offsetting's economic efficiency, effectiveness, and ethicality, which have been key points in the public debate, impact the public's preferences. We fielded an online framing experiment in the United States (N=995) to empirically identify how arguments for and against carbon offsetting influence public preferences for the inclusion of offsetting in national GHG mitigation policy. We find that the public's support for international offsetting increases and support for reductions at their source (i.e. within firms' own operations) diminishes when considerations of economic efficiency gains are at the forefront. Support for offsetting declines when individuals are confronted with arguments concerning its effectiveness and ethicality, which suggests that future policies will require clear standards of additionality in order to address these concerns. Moreover, we find that how carbon offsetting is framed matters even amongst climate skeptics and support could potentially be enhanced via improved communication on efficiency gains.     

Approach for fatigue damage assessment of welded structure considering coupling effect between stress and corrosion

This paper presents a new approach to assess time-dependent corrosion fatigue damage of welded joint considering the coupling effect between mechanical factor and corrosion factor. The high stress region around weld will accelerate corrosion and be more likely to induce nonuniform corrosion of welded joint. And the effect of loading on corrosion behavior of the steel in NaCl solution was investigated. The synergistic effect between applied elastic stress and chemical attack on Q235 steel was evaluated by electrochemical experiments. A side longitudinal of ship structure is selected as a case study. Time-dependent stress concentration factor of welded joint as a function of corrosion deterioration was analyzed, and the iterative process of stress and corrosion degeneration of plate thickness was used to simulate coupling effect basing on the results of experiment. The hot spot stress approach was adopted to calculate the fatigue damage. It is revealed that the nonuniform corrosion could influence fatigue damage of welded joint, and that impact will be more and more significant with the growth of corrosion year.