Forecasting based on sectoral energy consumption of GHGs in Turkey and mitigation policies

Recently, global warming and its effects have become one of the most important themes in the world. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the EU has agreed to an 8% reduction in its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2008–2012. The GHG emissions (total GHG, CO₂, CO, SO₂, NO₂, E (emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds)) covered by the Protocol are weighted by their global warming potentials (GWPs) and aggregated to give total emissions in CO₂ equivalents. The main subject in this study is to obtain equations by the artificial neural network (ANN) approach to predict the GHGs of Turkey using sectoral energy consumption. The equations obtained are used to determine the future level of the GHG and to take measures to control the share of sectors in total emission. According to ANN results, the maximum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was found as 0.147151, 0.066716, 0.181901, 0.105146, 0.124684, and 0.158157 for GHG, SO₂, NO₂, CO, E, and CO₂, respectively, for the training data with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm by 8 neurons. R² values are obtained very close to 1. Also, this study proposes mitigation policies for GHGs.     

Sales and Use Taxation in E-Commerce: Where We Are and What Needs to be Done

As sales through the Internet have increased, states have sought to force remote sellers to collect and remit sales/use taxes. In response to the U.S. Supreme Court's Constitutional obstacles, the Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP) was organized in 2000. SSTP is a voluntary effort by a number of states to address the Constitutional problems and reduce the burden of sales tax administration for all sellers in all types of commerce. This article examines the current state of the law and the major problems surrounding the SSTP.     

建设资源节约型企业的实践

介绍了中国铝业贵州分公司在能源统计和管理、节能技术改造、资源综合利用和清洁生产方面所采取的措施和取得的效果。     

Climate-related electricity demand-side management in oil-exporting countries—the case of the United Arab Emirates

The oil crisis of the 1970s has increased the concern about the continuity of oil imports flow to major oil-importing developed countries. Numerous policy measures including electricity demand-side management (DSM) programs have been adopted in such countries. These measures aim at reducing the growing need for electricity power that increases the dependency on imported foreign oil and damages the environment. On the other hand, the perception that energy can be obtained at very low cost in oil-rich countries led to less attention being paid to the potential of DSM policies in these countries. This paper discusses such potential using the case of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Since air conditioning is a major source of electric energy consumption, the relationship between climate conditions and electric energy consumption is considered. An electricity demand model is constructed using time series techniques. The fitted model seems to represent these relationships rather well. Forecasts for electricity consumption using the estimated model indicate that a small reduction in cooling degrees requirement might induce a significant reduction in electric energy demand. Hence, a DSM program is proposed with policy actions to include, among others, measures to reduce cooling degrees requirement.     

Packaging production and consumption in the world and in some industrialized countries

This paper reports on statistics concerning production and consumption of packaging (as a whole or per capita) in Europe, in the USA, in Japan and in the world. Data have been provided by National Trade Associations and by consultants specialized in packaging and in economics. It is estimated that in 1986 the global consumption of packaging reached 150 millions of tonnes valued at 1200 billions of French francs. Consumption could reach 247 million tonnes by the year 2000. Paper and board have the highest consumption rate, but plastics have the highest rate of growth. Nevertheless, consumption per capita in the industrialized countries will be more than 10 times the consumption in underdeveloped countries. The packaging industries take fourth place in the USA, sixth in Western Germany and twelfth in France. In Europe, as in the world, paper and board is the material most used (40%), with glass (a high density material) taking second place and plastics third, i.e. if we consider the quantity of materials and not their value. Some differences appear between the various countries, but the figures for USA and Japan lead to similar conclusions. The survey shows clearly that the USA as compared with Europe has twice the consumption of packaging materials per capita and this difference is even greater compared with the rest of the world.     

宁夏灌区节水潜力的研究

通过广义水资源配置模型和平原区水循环模型的有机耦合，分析了宁夏的真实节水潜力——耗水节约量，并建立了宁夏平原区取用水节水与耗水节水二者之间的定量化关系。结果表明，宁夏耗水节水潜力远远小于取用水节水潜力。在宁夏平原区，随着水利用系数的提高，农业取用水量和耗水量不断减少，且减少幅度越来越小。随着水的利用系数的提高，农业取用水节水量和耗水量不断提高，且取用水节水量和耗水节水量的增加幅度越来越小。随着取用水量的减少，耗水量也逐渐减少，但减少幅度越来越小。当取用水达到极值点时，取用水量等于耗水量。随着取用水节水量的提高，耗水节水量也逐渐增加，但增加幅度越来越小，最后趋近于零。     

高性能输送管线钢

鉴于管道工业将面临建设输送原油、成品油、粉煤浆、天然气等多种形式管线的高潮,对输送管线用钢发展前沿问题,如根据应变设计(strain design)原则在地质状况不稳定地区或深海建设管线用高抗变形管线钢;建设输送粉煤浆管线用抗冲蚀(anti-erosion)管线钢;建设长距离输送天然气管线用X100/X120级管线钢;能够大幅度提高厚壁管线钢管环焊热影响区韧性的含氧化钛质点管线钢;用于X100/X120级管线钢的新型高强度焊接材料以及防止高压输气管线发展延性断裂等问题做了综合论述.     

冶金能源信息库管理与能耗分析系统的研究

研究了通过计算机建立冶金能源信息库管理与能耗分析系统的相关问题。     

消费文化影响下的体验型商业空间环境的营造

在消费社会的背景下,消费文化观念获得重要突破——"消费是一种体验",消费文化催生了现代商业空间环境的体验功能。本文归纳了在消费文化影响下体验型商业空间环境的特质,以案例为基础讨论了各类体验型商业空间环境的特点,并在设计理念的层面上对情境体验空间、主题体验空间、超现实体验空间的营造思路做出了探索。     

Linux下高效存储优化的研究

随着数据的指数性增长,存储技术成为信息产业发展的核心动力,存储系统在一定程度上比计算系统和通信系统更加重要。如何高效地存储和优化存储空间,是存储系统急需解决的问题。本文介绍高效存储技术中的RAID技术、重复数据删除技术、数据压缩技术等,并在Linux环境下设计与实现具有高效存储优化特点的应用程序。试验表明该应用程序实现了软件RAID,删除了重复性数据,提高了存储空间利用率,降低了存储能耗。