甲苯的定向催化硝化

文章报导了甲苯定向催化硝化合成对一硝基甲苯的方法。在温和条件下,采用复合型催化剂,以硝酸为硝化剂,取得对位体与邻位体比值(P/O)为2.39的实验结果。与经典的混酸硝化法所得产物的 P/O 值0.63相比较,提高了1.76。     

甲苯定向氯化合成对氯甲苯

在自己合成的沸石催化剂上加以助催化剂,进行甲苯氯化反应,得到了一氯甲苯产物中～90％的对氯甲苯.在40ml甲苯规模上,考查了一些因素的变化对于混一氯甲苯中对位选择性的影响.反应产物经简单分离后,得到了纯度>98%的对氯甲苯.     

Viscosity Measurements of Liquid Toluene at Low Temperatures Using a Dual Vibrating-Wire Technique

A recently developed dual vibrating-wire technique has been used to perform viscosity measurements of liquid toluene in the temperature range 213 KT298 K, and at pressures up to approximately 20 MPa. The results were obtained by operating the vibrating-wire sensor in both forced and free decay modes. The estimated precision of the viscosity measurements, in either mode of operation, is ±0.5%, for temperatures above or equal to 273 K, increasing with decreasing temperature up to ±1% at 213 K. The corresponding overall uncertainty is estimated to be within ±1% and ±1.5%, respectively.     

Simultaneous Measurement of the Density and Viscosity of Compressed Liquid Toluene

A vibrating-wire densimeter described previously has been used to perform simultaneous measurements of the density and viscosity of toluene at temperatures from 222 to 348 K and pressures up to 80 MPa. The density measurements are essentially based on the hydrostatic weighing principle, using a vibrating-wire device operated in forced mode of oscillation, as a sensor of the apparent weight of a cylindrical sinker immersed in the test fluid. The resonance characteristics for the transverse oscillations of the wire, which is also immersed in the fluid, are described by a rigorous theoretical model, which includes both the buoyancy and the hydrodynamic effects, owing to the presence of the fluid, on the wire motion. It is thus possible, from the working equations, to determine simultaneously, both the density and the viscosity of the fluid from the analysis of the resonance curve of the wire oscillation, the density being related essentially to the position of the maximum and the viscosity to its width. New results of measurements of the density and viscosity of toluene in the compressed liquid region are presented, and compared with literature data. The density results extend over a temperature range 222 KT348 K, and pressures up to 80 MPa. The viscosity results cover a temperature range of 248 KT348 K and pressures up to 80 MPa. The uncertainty of the present density data is estimated to be within ±0.1% at temperatures 298 KT350 K, and ±0.15% at 222 KT273 K. The corresponding overall uncertainty of the viscosity measurements is estimated to be ±2% for temperatures 298 KT350 K, and ±3% for 248 KT273 K.     

Co3O4/Bi2O3纳米粒子气相光催化降解甲苯的研究

采用微乳法及化学沉淀法制备了复合氧化物Co3O4/Bi2O3纳米粒子，结果表明，微乳法制备的复合氧化物Co3O4/Bi2O3粒子光催化活性更好；活性的提高程度与n（Co）：n（Bi）有关，其最佳配比为0．02：1；随着焙烧温度的增加，光催化活性提高，750℃焙烧的样品催化活性最好。以甲苯为目标反应物，考察了光照强度、甲苯的初始浓度、气相氧浓度、水蒸气含量对甲苯光催化降解反应速率的影响。     

Effect of pre‐treatments based on UV photocatalysis and photo‐oxidation on toluene biofiltration performance

BACKGROUND: The integration of UV photocatalysis and biofiltration seems to be a promising combination of technologies for the removal of hydrophobic and poorly biodegradable air pollutants. The influence of pre‐treatments based on UV_{254 nm} photocatalysis and photo‐oxidation on the biofiltration of toluene as a target compound was evaluated in a controlled long‐term experimental study using different system configurations: a standalone biofilter, a combined UV photocatalytic reactor‐biofilter, and a combined UV photo‐oxidation reactor (without catalyst)‐biofilter. RESULTS: Under the operational conditions used (residence time of 2.7 s and toluene concentrations 600–1200 mg C m^?3), relatively low removal efficiencies (6–3%) were reached in the photocatalytic reactor and no degradation of toluene was found when the photo‐oxidation reactor was operated without catalyst. A noticeable improvement in the performance of the biofilter combined with a photocatalytic reactor was observed, and the elimination capacity of the biological process increased by more than 12 g C h^?1 m^?3 at the inlet loads studied of 50–100 g C h^?1 m^?3. No positive effect on toluene removal was observed for the combination of UV photoreactor and biofilter. CONCLUSIONS: Biofilter pre‐treatment based on UV_{254 nm} photocatalysis showed promising results for the removal of hydrophobic and recalcitrant air pollutants, providing synergistic improvement in the removal of toluene. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

氟两相体系与甲苯硝化反应

研究了氟溶剂和有机溶剂组成的氟两相体系、等当量的甲苯和硝酸的硝化反应.考察了硝化体系、反应时间和温度、氟溶剂的用量对硝基甲苯收率和产物异构体比例(Rp-/o-)的影响.全氟己烯(PFH)和全氟壬烯(PFN)可以和乙醚、正庚烷、四氯化碳和甲苯等有机溶剂形成氟两相体系,其互溶温度与组成有关.甲苯在全氟己烯中硝化的较佳工艺条件：n甲苯n硝酸n硫酸nPFH＝110.22.0,50℃反应4h收率93.8%,Rp-/o-为0.66.冷却反应物料氟溶剂自动分层,分离简便,可循环使用.     

固态离子交换制备的Mg-ZSM-5沸石催化剂的酸性和催化行为

采用固态反应方法制备了一系列不同镁含量的Ｍｇ－ＺＳＭ－５沸石催化剂，并用Ｘ光衍射、ＴＰＤ和ＩＲ技术测试了这些催化剂的结构和表面酸性。结果表明，经固态反应处理后，沸石的结构和结晶度未发生变化，而表面Ｂ酸中心随催化剂中镁含量增加而显著减少，Ｌ酸中心则略有增加。对甲苯甲基化催化性能考察结果表明，改性后的沸石催化剂显著改善了初始活性和寿命，对位选择性从原来２４％增加到８０％—９０％。这些结果进一步表明，固态反应是沸石改性的有效和方便的方法之一。     

基于超临界流体萃取的悬浮床加氢尾油的分离与评价

 用超临界流体萃取分馏(SFEF)装置将克拉玛依渣油悬浮床加氢尾油（KMHR）分离为8个窄馏分和萃余残渣。测定并计算了馏出油的残炭及杂质脱除率，考察了窄馏分SARA族组成、残炭、密度、硫、氮、金属及平均结构参数等的递变规律，预测了窄馏分的裂化性能，并用XRD表征了甲苯不溶物的存在形态。结果表明，超临界流体萃取可以脱除尾油中全部沥青质及甲苯不溶物，质量分数99.5％以上的金属和70.4％以上的残炭富集到萃余残渣中。馏出油符合催化裂化或加氢裂化进料要求并具有优良的裂化性能。     

Biological purification of exhaust air containing toluene vapor in a filter-bed reactor

Experiments during a period of 93 days are reported on the treatment of waste air containing toluene vapor using a laboratory scale biofilter system packed with peat inoculated with specific florae (Pseudomonas type) and intermittently humidified with a nutrient solution necessary for the survival of the micro-organisms. Design and operation parameters were regularly measured in order to check the performance of the biodegradation process. Under pseudo-steady state conditions, a maximum elimination capacity of 70 g/m³.h was obtained for an inlet load of 190 g/m³.h. Elimination capacity data obtained agreed well with the predictions of two recognized zero order kinetic models. Also, the biofilm thickness as predicted from the Ottengraf and van den Oever model (1983) was around lmm.