Comparative efficiency of maltodextrin and protein in the production of spray-dried tamarind pulp powder

The potential of maltodextrin (DE 20) and soya protein isolate (SPI) in spray drying of tamarind pulp was compared. Powder recovery was zero when the tamarind pulp was spray dried alone. A greater amount of maltodextrin (MD; 55%) was required for successful spray drying of tamarind pulp, whereas a small amount of SPI (20%) was needed for the same purpose. The study revealed that the mechanism for the increase in product recovery with the addition of MD is due to the increase in overall glass transition temperature of tamarind pulp powder. However, using SPI, preferential migration of the protein to the surface of droplets/particles resulting in the formation of a glassy skin was responsible for a reduction in stickiness between the particles and dryer wall and hence increased the powder recovery. The potential of SPI in reducing powder hygroscopicity was almost comparable to that of MD, confirming its efficiency as a drying aid. Tamarind pulp powders produced with SPI had a larger particle size with a wrinkled particle surface morphology and high flowability compared to powders produced with MD. The study showed the excellent potential of SPI as a drying aid in production of quality tamarind pulp powder.     

Selecting the Pre-Hydrolysis Conditions for Eucalyptus Wood in A Fractional Exploitation Biorefining Scheme

The operating conditions for the autohydrolysis of eucalyptus wood were optimized with a view to maximizing hemicellulose extraction while preserving the integrity of glucan. The influence of the operating conditions used in the soda–anthraquinone pulping of the solid phase resulting from the autohydrolysis process was examined. Autohydrolysis of the raw material at a liquid/solid ratio of 8 kg water/kg material at 180°C for 30 min was found to provide a commercially useful liquid phase containing most of the starting hemicellulose. The autohydrolysis treatment allowed the subsequent production of soda–anthraquinone cellulose pulp and paper with properties as good as or even better than those obtained without the pretreatment.     

Organochlorine Formation in Tertiary Amine Catalyzed Pulp Bleaching

An oxygen delignified eucalyptus kraft pulp was bleached by applying a catalytic amount of a tertiary amine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, and hypochlorous acid at varying pH, temperature, and time. The bleaching filtrate was analyzed for chloroform and AOX and the pulp for residual lignin, hexenuronic acid, and OX. In comparison with chlorine dioxide bleaching, the novel catalytic bleaching (pH < 6) generated only traces of chloroform and low contents of AOX and OX. Separate catalytic oxidations of authentic hexenuronic acid showed that it was a major precursor of chloroform. The results demonstrate a practical way to reduce organochlorine formation in pulp bleaching and provide new understanding on the reaction pathways that yield chloroform.     

英落菱镁矿选矿试验研究

针对菱镁矿矿石中脉石杂质的赋存特点，采用常规反正浮流程，使用Ｎａ２ＣＯ３反浮矿浆调浆，六偏磷酸钠加水玻璃抑制白云石和硅酸盐脉石杂质，并结合浮选前脱泥的工艺，达到了镁钙硅有效分离的目的，较常规工艺提高了浮选精矿指标。     

应用树脂矿浆法吸附Ag+的研究

实验研究了吸附时间和pH值对树脂吸附Ag^＋的性能的影响，Ag^＋的浓度对D061树脂饱和吸附容量的影响，温度对D061树脂吸附Ag^＋性能的影响。研究结果表明，D061树脂对Ag^＋有较好的吸附能力，最佳吸附条件为：吸附时间2h，pH值为2．99～4．98，树脂的饱和吸附容量为200mg／L，温度为35℃。而X-5、NKA、NKA-9、D4006等树脂对Ag^＋几乎不吸附。     

TEMPO氧化纳米纤维素的制备及其对纸张性能的影响

以漂白桉木浆和废报纸为原料,利用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO氧化体系对其进行处理制备氧化纳米纤维素,并探究两种氧化纳米纤维素添加量对纸张性能的影响。研究结果表明:桉木浆氧化纳米纤维素的平均纤维长度约为75~95 nm,长径比约为6.5~8.5,均高于废报纸氧化纳米纤维素(45~75 nm,4~6)。添加桉木浆氧化纳米纤维素和废报纸氧化纳米纤维素均可使纸张抗张指数、耐破指数和撕裂指数增加。添加6%桉木浆氧化纳米纤维素时,纸张抗张指数由21.16(N·m)/g增加至31.37(N·m)/g,耐破指数由1.32(kPa·m^(2))/g增加至1.84(kPa·m^(2))/g,撕裂指数由6.61(mN·m^(2))/g增加至8.03(mN·m^(2))/g;添加6%废报纸氧化纳米纤维素时,纸张抗张指数由21.16(N·m)/g增加至27.22(N·m)/g,耐破指数由1.32(kPa·m^(2))/g增加至1.79(kPa·m^(2))/g,添加4%废报纸氧化纳米纤维素,纸张撕裂指数由6.61(mN·m^(2))/g增加至8.12(mN·m^(2))/g,可见,添加桉木浆氧化纳米纤维素效果更佳。添加1%阳离子淀粉,有助于两种氧化纳米纤维素对纸张强度的提高,其中桉木浆氧化纳米纤维素可使抗张指数最大提高51.09%,耐破指数提高50.00%,撕裂指数提高27.62%。     

一步法二甲醚合成技术

二甲醚是一种非常重要的化工原料,可用于多种精细化学品的合成,它是一种理想的清洁替代能源。一步法二甲醚合成技术克服了甲醇合成反应受到热力学平衡的限制,大大提高了CO的单程转化率。对以合成气为原料采用一步法二甲醚合成技术的反应原理,催化剂的组成与制备方法,温度、压力、空速等因素对反应造成的影响进行描述。对一步法二甲醚合成技术研发的生产装置发展进程情况进行综述和展望。     

Preliminary Studies on Furfural Production from Lignocellulosics

This study focused on the production of furfural from agricultural and industrial biomass residues by a hydrodistillation process. Corncobs, sugarcane bagasse, and eucalypt wood were treated with sulfuric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids as catalysts, with different acid concentrations (1.5 to 5.2 mol.L ^?1). In addition, the eucalypt liquor from the auto-hydrolysis, kraft-dissolving pulp production process was also investigated as a source of furfural, using sulfuric and hydrochloric acids as a catalyst (0.9 and 3.9 mol.L ^?1) . Furfural yields of 30.2, 25.8, and 13.9% were achieved for corncob, sugarcane bagasse, and eucalypt wood, respectively, on the basis of biomass dry weight. The efficiency of conversion from pentose to furfural using eucalypt liquor from the auto-hydrolysis kraft process was 71.5% using HCl 3.9 mol.L ^?1 . Due to the presence of a high amount of pentose, corncob produced the highest amount of furfural, followed by sugarcane bagasse and then eucalypt wood.     

Simulation analysis of producing xylitol from hemicelluloses of pre-hydrolysis liquor

The pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) of the kraft-based dissolving pulp production process is currently sent to the recovery boiler and incinerated. However, PHL contains about 5–8% lignocelluloses that can be utilized in the production of value-added chemicals. In this study, a process for producing xylitol from hemicelluloses in PHL is developed. This process involves several acidification, neutralization, adsorption (along with reactivation) and evaporation stages. The mass balance indicates that 533 kg/h xylitol (with 99% purity), 187 kg/h lignin, 806 kg/h basic ferric acetate, and 1600 kg/h gypsum can be produced from 41,670 kg/h PHL. The energy balance shows that the evaporators are the largest consumers of energy, while the reactivation kiln, acidification, neutralization, and precipitation processes generate some heat. Overall, 41% conversion of xylose to xylitol is achieved.     

ZnCl2水溶液制备纤维素膜的研究

以针叶浆为原料,ZnCl2水溶液为溶解溶剂,制备再生纤维素膜。利用单因数实验分析了纤维素膜制各过程中浆浓、反应温度、溶解时间对纤维素膜强度的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件为浆浓3％、反应温度90℃、溶解时间为2h。并通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）分析,比较经ZnCl2水溶液处理前后纤维的结构和性能变化,发现ZnCl2水溶液是纤维素的非衍生化溶剂,经ZnCl2水溶液处理后的纤维素已由纤维素I转换为纤维素II,制备的再生纤维素膜具有一定的强度,且具有多孔性的特征。