电镀废水中的配位剂及其处理

配位剂是影响电镀废水稳定达标的主要因素之一。指出电镀废水应考虑其中所含配位剂的性质,从源头分类收集,采用氧化、水解、化学沉淀、生物等方法预处理。电镀废水治理的重点是重金属离子,难点是配位剂,关键是分类收集。     

生物预处理技术在天然产物提取中的应用研究进展

生物预处理技术运用于天然产物提取是借助微生物或生物酶的作用，在适当条件下对天然资源进行处理，破坏植物原料的细胞壁，促进天然产物释放到提取介质中，以提高分离效率，有助于保证天然产物活性。生物预处理技术按形式可以分为微生物发酵技术和生物酶处理技术。针对2种生物预处理技术的作用机制和应用进行综述，旨在为天然产物开发利用提供参考。     

珍贵橙色束丝放线菌发酵产安丝菌素P-3的分离纯化工艺优化

安丝菌素是从珍贵橙色束丝放线菌的发酵液中分离出来的苯安莎类抗生素，具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。常采用乙酸乙酯对发酵液进行分离萃取，然而其发酵液成分复杂，除菌丝体外还含有许多杂蛋白质及易溶于有机溶剂的色素，这对后续提取和精制有很大的影响，影响产品质量和回收率。本文通过对AP-3发酵液进行预处理，将AP-3发酵液调整pH至3后，用10g/L硅藻土辅助抽滤；收集滤液，添加20g/L活性炭于60℃吸附2h，然后用洗脱液乙酸乙酯对活性炭进行脱附处理，2h后达到动态洗脱平衡，对洗脱液采用中性氧化铝柱层析，以乙酸乙酯和石油醚作为洗脱剂进行梯度洗脱，最终获得AP-3纯度86.15%，经重结晶后得到AP-3纯品，经过HPLC检测AP-3纯度达95%。     

不同类型液体水化作用下海相页岩巴西劈裂破坏特征

为了研究不同类型液体水化作用对页岩内部裂缝形态、岩石抗拉强度和巴西劈裂张性破坏模式的影响,选取昭通国家级页岩气示范区下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层岩心,采用清水及滑溜水分别进行了水化预处理,通过CT扫描对比了页岩中裂缝结构的变化;然后开展巴西劈裂试验,研究了水化预处理后页岩试件抗拉强度及张性破坏模式;在此基础上,选取研究区内的两口水平井,在其压裂施工现场开展了水化预处理先导性试验。研究结果表明:①相同时间内,自发渗吸过程清水水化作用对海相页岩裂缝复杂程度的提升效果优于滑溜水;②清水表面张力更大且黏度更低,清水水化作用不仅能够促使原始裂缝延伸,还能诱发新的微细裂缝或分支缝,而滑溜水水化则以促使原始裂缝扩展为主;③水化作用使海相页岩发生损伤,其抗拉强度降低,经过清水、滑溜水水化预处理后的页岩试件抗拉强度相对未水化试件分别降低了35.6%和18.1%;④根据主裂缝延伸形态将页岩水化后巴西劈裂张性破坏模式分为阶梯形、折线形、分支形和弧形4种或是其相互组合,而未水化页岩张性破坏模式仅为直线形;⑤水化作用能有效提升海相页岩压裂裂缝复杂程度,建议在施工条件允许的情况下,射孔后在限压范围内高排量注入一定量清水并关井直至主压裂施工开始,为了降低主压裂施工难度,可以通过"低砂浓度、长段塞"泵注的策略来满足设计加砂量。     

玉米秸秆衍生碳基固体酸的制备及其催化纤维素水解糖化

以玉米秸秆为原料，通过碳化-磺化法制备了碳基固体酸（CSA），采用XRD、FTIR、XPS、SEM、阳离子交换与返滴定法等手段对其结构形貌进行表征，并考察了制备条件对固体酸表面活性基团含量与催化活性的影响。以NaOH/尿素冻融预处理后的纤维素为底物，研究了CSA催化纤维素水解糖化的效果与条件。结果表明：NaOH/尿素冻融预处理能够有效辅助固体酸催化纤维素水解，在350℃碳化2h、100℃磺化5h条件下制备的CSA催化性能最好，其酸量达3.94mmol/g，其中磺酸基、羧基、酚羟基含量分别为1.09mmol/g、1.36mmol/g、1.49mmol/g。在m(CSA)∶m(纤维素)=3∶1、水解温度200℃、水解时间为0.5h的条件下，纤维素水解还原糖得率与转化率分别为47.1%和63%。CSA循环利用3次催化活性下降不大。本研究可为废弃生物质原料制备的固体酸催化纤维素水解转化利用提供科学参考。     

锡石多金属硫化矿微波助磨试验研究

本文以广西某选矿厂锡石多金属硫化矿矿石为原料,研究了微波预处理对矿石磨矿产物粒度组成、磨矿动力学、破碎速率及磨机生产能力的影响。结果表明,微波预处理后,矿石在不同磨矿时间下的磨矿产物粒度均变细,-0.074mm粒级含量提高了4.41%~12.90%；微波预处理前后该矿石磨矿均符合一级磨矿动力学模型；微波预处理使矿石的破碎速率(S₁)值提高近57%,且磨机的生产能力得到了明显提升。因此,微波预处理可以降低矿石的强度,强化矿石的磨矿过程,是一种有效的降低磨矿能耗、提高磨矿效率的方法。     

A comprehensive review on pretreatment of microalgae for biogas production

Use of microalgal biomass for renewable energy production has gained considerable attention in the world due to increasing global energy demand and negative environmental impacts of nonrenewable fossil fuels. Anaerobic digestion is one of the renewable technologies that microalgal biomass is converted into biogas by anaerobic archea. One of the main drawbacks of using microalgal biomass for biogas production is that certain types of microalgae has rigid cell wall characteristics, which limits accessibility of anaerobic archea to microalgal intracellular organic matter during hydrolysis phase. This limitation lowers efficiency of biogas production from microalgal biomass. However, introducing pretreatment methods prior to anaerobic digestion provides disruption of rigid microalgal cell wall and improve biogas yields from microalgal biomass. The objective of this paper was to review current knowledge related to pretreatment methods applied prior to anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass. Efficiency and applicability of pretreatment methods mainly depend on type of microalgae, cell wall characteristics, and cost and energy requirements during pretreatment process. In this review, various type of pretreatment methods applied to microalgal biomass was discussed in detail with background knowledge and literature studies in their potential on maximization of biogas yields and their cost effectiveness, which is important for large‐scale applications. In the view of current knowledge, it was concluded that each pretreatment method has a relative contribution to improvement in biogas production depending on the type of microalgae. However, energy and cost requirements are the main limitations for pretreatment. So, further studies should focus on reduction of cost and energy demand by introducing combined methods, novel chemicals, and on‐site or immobilized enzymes in pretreatment to increase feasibility of pretreatment prior to anaerobic digestion in industrial scale.     

Effect of agitation pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of swine manure

This study evaluated the effect of mechanical agitation pretreatment on anaerobic digestion (AD) of swine manure (SM). The results showed a remarkable increase in soluble polysaccharides, soluble proteins, and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) by 82.42%, 121.17%, and 114.89%, respectively, after the SM being agitated for 22 h. No improvement in the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) yield was observed during the agitation pretreatment. Apparently, agitation significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of SM, while it did not seem to enhance the acidification step. Batch AD experiments showed an improved accumulative methane yield by 77.89% with the pretreated SM compared to raw SM.     

Effect of heat pretreatment before isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation on the characteristics of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein isolates

Heat treatment is a convenient way to eliminate the effects of endogenous enzymes on the industrial production of stable products. This study describes the preparation of protein isolates from oysters (OPI and HOPI) and krill (KPI and HKPI) by isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation (ISP) with or without heat pretreatment and comparatively presents their characteristics. The results showed that the solubilities of HOPI (24.08 ± 1.94%) and HKPI (42.29 ± 0.78%) were higher than those of OPI (13.46 ± 0.78%) and KPI (21.71.46 ± 1.51%), and the free and total sulphhydryl (-SH) content and surface hydrophobicity of HOPI and HKPI were higher than those of OPI and KPI, which are related to higher fat content of HOPI (10.37 ± 0.55%) and HKPI (34.89 ± 1.19%). SDS–PAGE and gel chromatography pattern results showed that macromolecular proteins were degraded by endogenous enzymes in OPI and KPI, while they remained unaffected in HOPI and HKPI. The FT-IR spectra showed similar patterns between OPI and HOPI and between KPI and HKPI. While the essential amino acid content was similar for OPI and HOPI (47.06 ± 1.33% and 47.93 ± 1.02%), that of KPI and HKPI (50.89 ± 0.89% and 51.19 ± 1.11%, respectively) was not significantly different.