Shape-Effect in the Effective Laws of Plain and Rubberized Concrete

The procedure of the effective law outlined in this paper [Ferretti (2001); Ferretti and Di Leo (2003); Ferretti (2004b)] is an experimental procedure for identifying the constitutive law in uniaxial compression of brittle heterogeneous materials, and is based on the physical, analytical and numerical discussions about the existence or otherwise of strain-softening [Ferretti (2004a); Ferretti (2005)]. This procedure allows us to correct several incongruities that characterize the average stress versus average strain diagrams: it produces evidence against strain-softening in uniaxial compression [Ferretti (2004b)], whose existence may be questioned from a physical point of view [Ferretti (2004a); Ferretti (2005)], it provides effective stress versus effective strain laws that are size-effect insensitive [Ferretti (2004b)] and identifies Poisson's ratio and volumetric strain, which are independent of the degree of damage during the compression test [Ferretti (2004c)], as should be the case for all constitutive parameters. The procedure also allows us to explain the gradual change of shape in the average stress versus average strain laws when a confinement pressure is applied to the specimen [Ferretti and Di Leo (2003)]. Moreover, the procedure emphasizes how the final stage in compressed concrete specimens is largely characterized by the propagation of a macro-crack, rather than by crushing. This puts a question mark on the existence of creep, which, according to the identified effective parameters, seems mainly to be a structural effect due to crack propagation [Ferretti and Di Leo (2008)]. In this paper, the identification procedure of the effective law is applied to cubic and cylindrical concrete specimens, in order to verify whether or not the effective law is sensitive to shape-effect. Two different concrete mixtures were used, the one of plain and the other of rubberized concrete. New relationships were also proposed for design purposes, both for plain and rubberized concrete.     

摩擦调节剂抑制钢轨波磨的机理研究

基于轮轨之间的摩擦耦合自激振动引起钢轨波磨的观点,论文建立了车辆稳态通过小半径曲线时由轮对－钢轨－轨枕组成的轮轨系统有限元弹性振动摩擦自激振动有限元模型,用ABAQUS软件对该模型的运动稳定性进行了分析,重点研究了轮轨摩擦系数和蠕滑力-蠕滑率曲线负斜率对轮轨系统摩擦自激振动的影响。计算结果显示,轮轨摩擦系数对轮轨摩擦自激振动有重要影响,当控制摩擦系数 时可以消除钢轨磨耗型波磨,蠕滑力-蠕滑率曲线负斜率对钢轨波磨有显著影响。     

Creep property of carbon and nitrogen free high strength new alloys

The carbon and nitrogen free new alloys which were composed of supersaturated martensitic microstructure with high dislocation density before the creep test have been investigated systematically. These alloys were produced from the new approach which raised creep strength by the utilization of the reverse transformed austenite phase as a matrix and intermetallic compounds such as Laves phase and mu-phase as precipitates during heating before the creep test. It is important that these alloys are independent of any carbides and nitrides as strengthening factors. The high temperature creep test over 700 °C exceeds 50,000 h, and the test is continuous. Creep behavior of the alloys is found to be different from that of the conventional high-Cr ferritic steels. The addition of boron to the alloy pulled the recrystallization temperature up in the high temperature, and it became a creep test in the un-recrystallization condition, and the creep property of high temperature over 700 °C was drastically improved. The minimum creep rates of Fe–Ni alloys at 700 °C are found to be much lower than those of the conventional high Cr ferritic heat resistant steels, which is due to fine dispersion strengthening useful even at 700 °C in these alloys. As a result it became clear that the value for 100,000 h was exceeded at 700 °C and 100 MPa calculated from the Larson-Miller parameter at C = 20.     

A review of the effect of prior inelastic deformation on high temperature mechanical response of engineering alloys

In this review article, we examine the influence of prior deformation (prestrain) on the subsequent high temperature mechanical behaviour of engineering alloys. We review the observed effects at a macroscopic level in terms of creep deformation, creep rupture times and crack growth rates from a number of sources and a range of materials. Microstructural explanations for the observed macroscopic effects are also reviewed and constitutive models which incorporate the effect of prior deformation are examined. The emphasis in the paper is on engineering steels though reference is also made to non-ferrous alloys.     

Finite Element Analysis of High Temperature Piping Creep for Considering the Effect of Inner Pressure and Welding Residual Stress

利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus的多次顺次耦合功能,先对P91钢高温主蒸汽管道焊接接头焊态和焊后热处理状态进行残余应力分析, 然后采用Norton蠕变本构关系,根据P91耐热钢在625℃下焊缝、热影响区和母材的不同蠕变参数,对内压以及内压与热处理后残余应力共同作用下的接头蠕变进行有限元分析,分别得到了焊接残余应力和焊后热处理残余应力的分布规律,同时预测了在高温环境下服役105h后蠕变应变分布. 结果表明,由于高温管道的壁厚以及约束等影响, 焊后产生了较大的焊接残余应力,通过焊后热处理可以有效地降低焊接残余应力.但由于热处理残余应力的存在, 仍对高温管道焊接接头的蠕变有较大影响,并且在焊缝与热影响区的交界处存在着较大的蠕变应变.     

基于试验数据的焊缝试样C*参量估算

针对焊缝和母材蠕变性能不相同的带焊缝CT试样,提出了一个等效均质材料模型,建立了焊缝中心裂纹、焊缝界面裂纹和非对称焊缝裂纹情况下由试验数据确定C*参量的修正式。采用ABAQUS软件进行了带焊缝CT试样C*参量的有限元分析。有限元数值解与修正式的预测值比较表明：与均质材料CT试样相比,低匹配焊缝会导致CT试样的hw因子增大,高匹配焊缝会导致hw因子值降低,采用ASTM E1457提供的公式在低匹配情况下会过低估算C*参量,在高匹配情况下会过高估算C*参量。无论是低匹配(M<1)焊缝还是高匹配(M >1)焊缝,修正后CT试样的C*参量计算式都可给出与有限元解非常接近的估算结果,可用于焊缝蠕变裂纹行为预测。     

44Si2CrV 钢弹簧弹性减退机理的研究

研究了影响44Si2CrV钢弹簧在低于屈服强度的应力下长时间加载引起自由高度变化的因素。结果表明,44Si2CrV钢弹簧在900 MPa 的应力下压缩72 h,自由高度的缩短由两部分组成：表面脱碳层的塑性变形,造成对内部材料的牵制而使部分弹性变形不能恢复,由此所造成的弹簧自由高度缩短占总变形量的84%;钢的室温蠕变,占自由高度缩短的16%。     

多孔介质软岩蠕变的渗流固流耦合模型

基于深部岩体工程地质灾害防范预测研究的目的,开展了渗流对软岩蠕变变形规律的影响的研究,根据岩土流变力学和流体力学理论,流体的质量和能量守恒方程,建立了单向流体在多孔介质软岩中流动的固流耦合数学模型。     

Creep and Fatigue Failure in Single- and Double Hot Arm MEMS Thermal Actuators

Determination of the failure mechanisms of mechanical devices is the key to the design of reliable products. This paper reports an investigation on creep and fatigue failure of microelectromechanical (MEMS) thermal actuators. Finite element modeling is used to predict thermomechanical behavior of actuators under low to moderate voltage differences. The modeling results are compared with experimental results to evaluate the models. Two probable failure modes associated with thermal actuators, that is, fatigue and creep, are investigated, and it is found that creep is the dominant failure mechanism. The creep behaviors of several U-shape and double hot arm thermal MEMS actuators are examined, and their deformation-time curves are obtained numerically and experimentally. The curves follow a typical three-stage creep curve usually observed in metals. The creep life cycles of the devices are compared on the basis of their stress and temperature distributions. This study shows that actuators with the maximum temperature occurring at the location where the high stress is induced have shorter life spans than those experiencing the high stress away from the maximum temperature location. It is concluded that the double hot arm actuators with equal length have longer creep life than the U-shape (single hot arm) actuators.     

Numerical investigation on the creep damage induced by void growth in heat affected zone of weldments

In structural welded joints after long-term service at high temperature, fracture occurs mainly in the fine-grained heat affected zone (HAZ). Recently, the nucleation and growth of creep voids in the fine-grained HAZ of weldments, recognized as Type IV fracture, have become an important problem for low alloy ferritic heat resisting steels. In this paper, a new constitutive model was introduced to analyze the creep damage development in HAZ induced by void growth. This model is based on the equations of continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and combines a micromechanism-based method to account for the void growth process, which is different from the previous studies of creep damage. By coding a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) in the FEA software ABAQUS, the proposed model was used to investigate the creep damage development in HAZ of a multi-material cross-weld specimen and a medium bore welded branched pipe where four different material properties: base material, coarse-grained HAZ, fine-grained HAZ, and weld material, were taken into account.