中碳钢的冲蚀磨损及其机理的研究

对几种硬度的中碳钢在不同冲角、粒子速度和磨粒用量等条件下的冲蚀磨损现象进行了试验研究,并对冲蚀试样的表面和表层形貌进行了扫描电镜和金相观察。根据实验结果,分析讨论了中碳钢以及塑性金属材料的冲蚀磨损机理,并认为在15°～90°冲角范围内,挤压成片机理对材料冲蚀起着主要作用;在20°～30°的冲角区间,由于成片的速率和效率较高而存在着冲蚀率的峰值。     

新型CrMnNiN奥氏体不锈钢的抗空穴腐蚀及磨损性能

对新型CrMnNiN不锈钢JA2（0．23C－13Mn-17Cr-1.90Ni-1.5Mo-1Si-0.33N)的抗空穴腐蚀及磨损性能进行了测试，结果表明，这种奥氏体高锰不锈钢具有高的加工硬化率和好的韧性，比目前水轮机转轮及叶片常用的0Cr13Ni5Mo有更高的抗空穴腐蚀性能及耐泥沙磨损性能。     

Geosynthetics for waterways and flood protection structures – Controlling the interaction of water and soil

The interaction of water and soil has been both a blessing and a curse in all times within living memory. Water is the origin of life but is also threatening life when appearing unboundedly. Therefore mankind has always worked hard to benefit from water resources on one hand and to deal with the threat of flooding on the other hand. For both, to protect the land and to allow for beneficial uses like irrigation or navigation, often special measures are necessary to keep the water within certain bounds. Structures to achieve a permanently stable situation like irrigation and navigational canals, river training or flood protection measures need suitable material, carefully thought out design and accurate execution. Often a decision has to be made among competitive approaches to optimize such structures. In many cases, geosynthetics can support or improve the functionality and sometimes only with geosynthetics the desired result can be achieved.     

Failure analysis on abnormal wall thinning of heat-transfer titanium tubes of condensers in nuclear power plant Part II: Erosion and cavitation corrosion

In Part I of the failure analysis on abnormal wall thinning of heat-transfer titanium tubes used in condensers in nuclear power plant, we analyzed the causes and mechanisms of abnormal thinning that commonly happened at the contact part between the tubes and the support plates. This kind of failure was the mainstream failure type in our case and the main causes were found to be eccentric contact wear and three-body contact wear rooted in processing defect of internal borings, corrosion products deposit and sagging, and foreign particles. However, there were still some individual failure tubes with different failure sites and modes and were located under the bypass pipes at the shoulder of the tube tower instead of in its lower part, obviously telling another failure story. In Part II of the failure analysis, material analysis, metallographic examination, mechanical performance tests, macro- and microstructure analysis and composition analysis were conducted. The failure causes were found to be erosion and cavitation corrosion and the synergetic effect of them. Finally, corresponding countermeasures were suggested.     

风力机叶片涂层冲蚀磨损实验装置的设计

风力发电机叶片在风沙环境中运行时会受到挟沙风的冲蚀,导致叶片表面涂层损毁并且降低叶片使用寿命,同时也增加叶片的维护成本。为了探究风力机叶片受挟沙风冲蚀磨损情况,研制一种涂层冲蚀磨损实验装置,该实验装置以压缩空气为动力,通过压缩空气气管接通气源。压缩空气在冲蚀管中建立工作压力,在冲蚀管内完成沙料和压缩空气充分混合,形成高速运动的挟沙风;再利用PLC控制步进电动机转速,通过螺旋推进器进行输沙率控制,由冲蚀管喷嘴喷出,喷射到风力机叶片模型表面对其进行冲蚀磨损实验。该冲蚀装置可实现多种冲击风速、携沙量、冲击角度的多工况磨损实验,能够提供较为精确的实验数据。     

Investigation report of geotechnical disaster on river area due to typhoon landfall three times on Okhotsk region,Hokkaido, Japan

For one week from August 17 to 23, 2016, three consecutive typhoons made landfall in Hokkaido for the first time on record. These typhoons and the front they stimulated brought record-breaking torrential rain over the eastern part of Hokkaido. To investigate the damage to grounds and rivers resulting from this rainfall, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and the Japanese Geotechnical Society (JGS) formed a disaster research group to conduct an investigation. This report provides the results of the investigation into damage to the grounds of areas along the Tokoro River of the Okhotsk region, Hokkaido, that suffered from this tremendous and diverse disaster. Specifically, the report describes the situation of the levees which were broken and eroded by the overflowing water, the shape of the levee bodies, the levee body soil properties examined by observation of the sections, as well as the occurrence of sand boiling and air blows. The washout of road embankments as well as damage to road bridge mounting fills and abutment backfills were also investigated. The investigation has demonstrated the need to clarify the resistance of the abutment backfills and levee bodies to flowing water as well as the geotechnical predominant factors in order to clarify the mechanisms behind erosion and washout, the need to review new measures that allow for the scale of sand boiling and resultant changes in levee body stability, and the fact that the existing embankments were able to temporarily suppress the flooding water which had spilled over from the river. Furthermore, although it has been identified that the findings of a study on an embankment washout associated with a tsunami can be applied to measures taken against the overflowing water, it has also been found necessary to clarify the predominant geotechnical factors using model tests and to use a more sophisticated analytical approach to establish a geotechnical stability review as soon as possible in order to prevent the levees and embankments from being eroded and washed out due to overflowing water.     

Particle erosion in suffusion under isotropic and anisotropic stress states

In this study, a set of laboratory experiments is conducted to investigate the erosion behaviors of soils subjected to suffusion under isotropic and anisotropic stress states. The results show that the amount of eroded particles gradually increases with the erosion time under isotropic stress states. The final accumulative particle loss approaches a constant if the erosion time is sufficiently long under a given erosion gradient. The erosion behaviors under anisotropic stress states are similar to those under isotropic stress states, as long as the amount of particle loss is small. However, if the erosion amount is high enough to reach a critical value, the specimen collapses and undergoes significant volumetric deformation. Based on these erosion behaviors, an analytical expression for the erosion rate is developed to quantify the erodibility of cohesionless soils. Moreover, an energy-based model is used to interpret the erodibility of soils. The mechanism of the effects of the stress state on the erosion behaviors, especially the collapse of specimens, is explained. It is concluded that the evolution of the strain-stress behaviors and the rearrangement of the microstructure are the main reasons for the differences between the erosion behaviors under isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions.     

Erosion behavior of SiC–WC composites

Dense silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics were prepared with 0, 10, 30 or 50 wt% WC particles by hot pressing powder mixtures of SiC, WC and oxide additives at 1800 °C for 1 h under a pressure of 40 MPa in an Ar atmosphere. Effects of alumina or SiC erodent particles and the WC content on the erosion performance of sintered SiC–WC composites were assessed. Microstructures of the sintered composites consisted of WC particles distributed in the equi-axed grain structure of SiC. Fracture surfaces showed a mixed mode of fracture, with a large extent of transgranular fracture observed in SiC ceramics prepared with 30 wt% WC. Crack bridging by WC enhanced toughening of the SiC ceramics. A maximum fracture toughness of 6.7 MPa*m^1/2 was observed for the SiC ceramics with 50 wt% WC, whereas a high hardness of 26 GPa was obtained for the SiC ceramics with 30 wt% WC. When eroded at normal incidence, two orders of magnitude less erosion occurred when SiC–WC composites were eroded by alumina particles than that eroded by SiC particles. The erosion rate of the composites increased with increasing angle of SiC particle impingement from 30° to 90°, and decreased with WC reinforcement up to 30 wt%. A minimum erosion wear rate of 6.6 mm³/kg was obtained for SiC–30 wt% WC composites. Effects of mechanical properties and microstructure on erosion of the sintered SiC–WC composites are discussed, and the dominant wear mechanisms are also elucidated.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel soil stabilizer based on biodegradable poly(aspartic acid) hydrogel

A novel soil stabilizer based on poly-amino acid - polyaspartic acid (PASP) and its copolymer which modified by xanthan gum (XG) was studied to increase soil particle compressive strength and resistance to wind erosion. Due to its unique property, the stabilizer aggregated individual soil particles and formed crust. The sample compressive strength increased from 0.175 to 0.612 MPa and the wind erosion modulus reduced from 22.43 to 10.56 g·m⁻²·min⁻¹ after the 1% PASP hydrogel was applied by 1.67 Lm⁻² (1 cm of crust). The soil water content was higher than the control due to the polymer’s excellent water-retaining property. The polymer had no negative influence on seed germination and growth. The biodegradability experiment showed that PASP was easy to biodegrade and therefore it was safe to apply in the field. This work was presented at 13 ^th YABEC symposium held at Seoul, Korea, October 20–22, 2007.     

钛表面阳极化处理技术

通过对一台钛制设备阳极化处理工艺过程的详细介绍、氧化膜性能的考察及设备的跟踪调查,证明了阳极化处理后能提高钛制设备的硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性和绝缘性。