树枝状聚醚的合成与实验条件探讨

以3,5-二羟基苯甲醇和氯化苄为原料,经Willamson醚化反应和卤代反应合成了1-3代以CH2Br为核的树枝状聚醚,并分别用核磁和差示扫描量热仪进行了结构和熔点分析。对比了氯化亚砜、三溴化磷、四溴化碳卤代试剂的卤代效果,以及聚乙二醇-400、18-冠-6为相转移催化剂的催化效果。结果表明,采用Williamson醚化反应可以合成确定结构的1-3代树枝状聚醚,其熔点分别为80℃、107℃、122℃。以四溴化碳为卤化剂,冠醚为催化剂可以得到较高的产物收率。     

高氮钢激光电弧复合堆焊层的电化学腐蚀性能

采用电化学腐蚀方法研究了不同焊接参数对堆焊表层腐蚀行为的影响。研究结果表明,堆焊层耐蚀性随堆焊电流I、激光功率P、堆焊速度v的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势;I=220 A,P=3.2 kW,v=0.8 m/min时,焊缝氮含量较高,试样表面钝化膜稳定性较好,抗点蚀能力最强。观察试样腐蚀形貌发现,I=260 A或v=0.6 m/min时,焊缝表面点蚀坑大而密集,并形成腐蚀沟,焊缝中的树枝晶有连续生长并向外扩展的趋势;P增至3.2 kW时,焊缝中的粗大柱状树枝晶变为均匀细小的条状枝晶,改善了耐蚀性。     

Chitosan—A versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications

This review outlines the new developments on chitosan-based bioapplications. Over the last decade, functional biomaterials research has developed new drug delivery systems and improved scaffolds for regenerative medicine that is currently one of the most rapidly growing fields in the life sciences. The aim is to restore or replace damaged body parts or lost organs by transplanting supportive scaffolds with appropriate cells that in combination with biomolecules generate new tissue. This is a highly interdisciplinary field that encompasses polymer synthesis and modification, cell culturing, gene therapy, stem cell research, therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering. In this regard, chitosan, as a biopolymer derived macromolecular compound, has a major involvement. Chitosan is a polyelectrolyte with reactive functional groups, gel-forming capability, high adsorption capacity and biodegradability. In addition, it is innately biocompatible and non-toxic to living tissues as well as having antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity. These features highlight the suitability and extensive applications that chitosan has in medicine. Micro/nanoparticles and hydrogels are widely used in the design of chitosan-based therapeuticsystems. The chemical structure and relevant biological properties of chitosan for regenerative medicine have been summarized as well as the methods for the preparation of controlled drug release devices and their applications.     

相场法模拟凝固微观组织演化研究进展

相场法是凝固组织模拟中最有潜力的方法之一,近年来已成为凝固领域研究的热点.本文论述了相场法模拟凝固微观组织的原理,并分别介绍了无流动和流动条件下相场法模拟自由枝晶、定向凝固界面及小平面枝晶在国内外的研究进展,指出了进一步的研究方向.     

Nano Molecular‐Platform: A Protocol to Write Energy Transmission Program Inside a Molecule for Bio‐Inspired Supramolecular Engineering

In a coded self‐assembly, a simple code is written in the molecule, which self‐assembles the molecules into a fractal like structure, which acts as a seed for the next step. As the molecule turns into a complex seed, the code transforms into another form and several seeds self‐assemble into another structure, which acts as a seed for the next step. Until now, this technology was considered as a prerogative of nature. Here, a dendritic network is used to write a basic code by synthetically attaching 32 molecular rotors and doping two controller molecules in its cavity. The code live, which is an energy transmission path in the molecule, is imaged. When the energy transmission path or code is triggered, a series of products generate one after another spontaneously. Two examples are: i) dendritic seed (5–6 nm)→paired nanowire (≈12 nm)→nanowire (≈200 nm)→microwire (500 nm)→wire like rod (1–2 μm)→jelly→rectangular sheet (5 μm). ii) dendritic seed→nano‐sphere (20 nm)→micro‐sphere (500 nm)→large balls(1 μm)→oval shape rod (5–10 μm)→Y, L or T shaped rod assembly. The energy level interactions are tracked using spectroscopy how exactly a directed energy transfer code generates multi‐step synthesis from nano to the visible scale.     

Microstructural evolution and microsegregation in directional solidification of hypoeutectic Al−Cu alloy: A comparison between experimental data and numerical results obtained via phase-field model

The objective of the work is focused on predictions of microsegregation, solidification speed, dendritic arm spacings and dendrite morphology by phase-field model. The numerical results were compared with experimental data. The experimental values for cooling rates and effective partition coefficient were adopted during calculations. The results of microsegregation through phase-field model show excellent agreement with the experimental data. Such excellent agreement is because cooling rates, effective partition coefficient and back-diffusion of solute are considered in the model. For solidification speed, the calculation results show good agreement with the experimental data. Tertiary dendritic arm spacing calculated with phase-field model is compared with experimental data. The results show good agreement between them. The dendrite arm spacing varies with position because high cooling rates are responsible for the refinement effect on microstructure. Finally, two-dimensional simulation produced a dendrite that is similar to that found in the experiment.     

In situ study on dendrite growth of metallic alloy by a synchrotron radiation imaging technology

This study was trying to observe the real-time dendrite growth of Sn-Bi and Sn-Pb binary alloys by a synchrotron radiation imaging technology.The imaging system includes an intense and high brightness synchrotron radiation source,a high-resolution and fast-readout charge coupled device camera,an alloy sample and a Bridgman solidification system.The imaging experiments were done at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility with an updated synchrotron radiation imaging technique,diffraction-enhanced imaging,whic...     

Dendritic Cells and Multiple Sclerosis: Disease,Tolerance and Therapy

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating neurological disease that predominantly affects young adults resulting in severe personal and economic impact. The majority of therapies for this disease were developed in, or are beneficial in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. While known to target adaptive anti-CNS immune responses, they also target, the innate immune arm. This mini-review focuses on the role of dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells of the innate immune system. The evidence for a role for DCs in the appropriate regulation of anti-CNS autoimmune responses and their role in MS disease susceptibility and possible therapeutic utility are discussed. Additionally, the current controversy regarding the evidence for the presence of functional DCs in the normal CNS is reviewed. Furthermore, the role of CNS DCs and potential routes of their intercourse between the CNS and cervical lymph nodes are considered. Finally, the future role that this nexus between the CNS and the cervical lymph nodes might play in site directed molecular and cellular therapy for MS is outlined.