英国艾塞克斯大学教育考察和反思

结合访学见闻,对英国艾塞克斯大学和邻近大学的教学理念、教学模式、人才培养和管理方法等进行了考察,进而对英国教育体系中专业模式的多元化、学制弹性化、基础课程宽泛化,课程设置模块化、教学个性化、课堂教学多元化及师资队伍和生源的国际化等进行了探析,认为其在增强专业设置的灵活性,课程设置的灵活性、开放性,尊重教育规律,注重服务意识,彰显以人为本理念,注重反思和批判精神培养5个方面有启示意义。     

关于宁波全面建设小康社会与提前基本实现现代化若干问题的认识

本文在学习党的十六大报告的基础上 ,从全面建设小康社会与现代化的概念入手 ,比较了两指标的差异 ,结合宁波实际分析宁波提前基本实现现代化的有利因素和存在问题 ,并提出相应对策和措施 .     

Towards insight-driven sampling for big data visualisation

ABSTRACT

Creating an interactive, accurate, and low-latency big data visualisation is challenging due to the volume, variety, and velocity of the data. Visualisation options range from visualising the entire big dataset, which could take a long time and be taxing to the system, to visualising a small subset of the dataset, which could be fast and less taxing to the system but could also lead to a less-beneficial visualisation as a result of information loss. The main research questions investigated by this work are what effect sampling has on visualisation insight and how to provide guidance to users in navigating this trade-off. To investigate these issues, we study an initial case of simple estimation tasks on histogram visualisations of sampled big data, in hopes that these results may generalise. Leveraging sampling, we generate subsets of large datasets and create visualisations for a crowd-sourced study involving a simple cognitive visualisation task. Using the results of this study, we quantify insight, sampling, visualisation, and perception error in comparison to the full dataset. We use these results to model the relationship between sample size and insight error, and we propose the use of our model to guide big data visualisation sampling.     

系统软件新洞察

系统软件是计算学科的基本概念之一，从系统软件的本质特征、时代特点和发展趋势这3个方面给出了关于系统软件的新洞察.洞察1认为，通用图灵机和存储程序思想是系统软件的理论源头和技术源头，其本质特征是"操纵计算系统执行"，编码加载和执行管控是两种主要的操纵方式.洞察2认为，系统软件在互联网时代的时代特点是持续在线提供基础服务，为"软件即服务"的新型应用模式奠定了基础.洞察3认为，系统软件的发展趋势是持续在线演化，在计算系统创新、信息物理融合和智能技术的推动下，将成为未来软件生态的核心.     

Capturing the User Mindset – Using the Online Research Community Method in Packaging Research

The rapid development of Web 2.0 technology has enabled new types of online research methods. The collective intelligence of online communities or ‘crowds’ can be harnessed to contribute actively to bodies of knowledge, work or value by means of crowdsourcing. This paper presents a case study of using a crowd‐based research method, more specifically, an online research community (ORC) for collecting information, user experiences and ideas from a community of packaging users. We will discuss the benefits, challenges and opportunities that the method offers to packaging research. A total of 137 participants were recruited to a closed online platform, with 86 of them as active participants. The discussion topics and tasks were pre‐determined by the researchers, and new topics were introduced daily over a period of 13 days. The discussions were moderated in order to keep them on topic and to propose additional questions when required. The platform suited well for gathering user information, feedback and insights on various packaging designs and development topics. The case study also demonstrated that the ORC method can provide valuable insights on usability, packaging communication, consumer behaviour and user experiences. The research yielded rich data, even on such a complex issue as the relation of packaging to food loss prevention. The method can be employed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from a crowd. However, answers provided by individual participants may remain less grounded and less rich in detail than those elicited with other qualitative methods, such as interviews or focus groups. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight.

People, it is hypothesized, show an asymmetry in assessing their own interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge relative to that of their peers. Six studies suggested that people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them. Several of the studies explored sources of this perceived asymmetry, especially the conviction that while observable behaviors (e.g., interpersonal revelations or idiosyncratic word completions) are more revealing of others than self, private thoughts and feelings are more revealing of self than others. Study 2 also found that college roommates believe they know themselves better than their peers know themselves. Study 6 showed that group members display a similar bias—they believe their groups know and understand relevant out-groups better than vice versa. The relevance of such illusions of asymmetric insight for interpersonal interaction and our understanding of "naive realism" is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The mediating role of insight for long-term improvements in psychodynamic therapy.

Objective: According to psychoanalytic theory, interpretation of transference leads to increased insight that again leads to improved interpersonal functioning over time. In this study, we performed a full mediational analysis to test whether insight gained during treatment mediates the long-term effects of transference interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy. Method: This study is a randomized clinical trial with a dismantling design. One hundred outpatients seeking psychotherapy for depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and interpersonal problems were randomly assigned to 1 year of weekly sessions of dynamic psychotherapy with transference interpretation or to the same type and duration of treatment with the same therapists but without the use of transference interpretation. Interpersonal functioning and insight were measured pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1 year and 3 years after treatment termination. Results: Contrary to common expectation, patients with a life-long pattern of low quality of object relations and personality disorder pathology profited more from therapy with transference interpretation than from therapy with no transference interpretation. This long-term effect was mediated by an increase in the level of insight during treatment. Conclusions: Insight seems to be a key mechanism of change in dynamic psychotherapy. Our results bridge the gap between clinical theory and empirical research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

汉末魏晋文人五言诗人文意蕴探析

汉末魏晋动荡乱离的社会现实提供了文学发展的丰厚土壤,文人士子们在诗中或抒发昂扬奋发的热情、显露英雄气概,或抒发壮志未酬的苦闷、失意的无奈,或悲叹时光之飞逝、生命之短暂,或留恋物质生活的享受、流露及时行乐之情,或自然流露男女之情、真诚表白相思之痛,或走向自然、回归自我,或超然物外、追求玄思妙理。这些情感均来自他们的真实感悟和亲身体验,反映了那个时代特有的社会生活,构成汉末魏晋文人五言诗特有的人文意蕴。     

Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review.

A meta-analytic review of empirical studies that have investigated incubation effects on problem solving is reported. Although some researchers have reported increased solution rates after an incubation period (i.e., a period of time in which a problem is set aside prior to further attempts to solve), others have failed to find effects. The analysis examined the contributions of moderators such as problem type, presence of solution-relevant or misleading cues, and lengths of preparation and incubation periods to incubation effect sizes. The authors identified a positive incubation effect, with divergent thinking tasks benefiting more than linguistic and visual insight tasks from incubation. Longer preparation periods gave a greater incubation effect, whereas filling an incubation period with high cognitive demand tasks gave a smaller incubation effect. Surprisingly, low cognitive demand tasks yielded a stronger incubation effect than did rest during an incubation period when solving linguistic insight problems. The existence of multiple types of incubation effect provides evidence for differential invocation of knowledge-based vs. strategic solution processes across different classes of problem, and it suggests that the conditions under which incubation can be used as a practical technique for enhancing problem solving must be designed with care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Testing two cognitive theories of insight.

Insight in problem solving occurs when the problem solver fails to see how to solve a problem and then-"aha!"-there is a sudden realization how to solve it. Two contemporary theories have been proposed to explain insight. The representational change theory (e.g., G. Knoblich, S. Ohlsson, & G. E. Rainey, 2001) proposes that insight occurs through relaxing self-imposed constraints on a problem and by decomposing chunked items in the problem. The progress monitoring theory (e.g., J. N. MacGregor, T. C. Ormerod, & E. P. Chronicle, 2001) proposes that insight is only sought once it becomes apparent that the distance to the goal is unachievable in the moves remaining. These 2 theories are tested in an unlimited move problem, to which neither theory has previously been applied. The results lend support to both, but experimental manipulations to the problem suggest that the representational change theory is the better indicator of performance. The findings suggest that testable opposing predictions can be made to examine theories of insight and that the use of eye movement data is a fruitful method of both examining insight and testing theories of insight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)