The Tree Canopy as Blueprint

As the opportunities for new territories become more limited, the only way is up. Mitchell Schwarzer explores the dizzying heights of the ‘last biotic frontier’ of arboreal architecture with its high platforms, walkways and canopy craft. Challenging in construction and engineering terms, the tree canopy also requires engaging with a different atmospheric and climatic range to those conditions encountered at ground level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

领导素质的重要内涵—洞察力

从行为科学的角度提出领导者的素质要求,将洞察力列为领导者应具备的首要素质，并从组织目标的确立与执行、激励组织的内驱力和保持组织稳定的战斗力三个方面阐述了领导洞察力的重要作用。     

Building a meaning bridge: Therapeutic progress from problem formulation to understanding.

Qualitative analyses of 2 clients' psychotherapies (client centered and process-experiential) investigated the developmental progression from formulating a problem to achieving an understanding of it. The results elaborated one segment in the 8-stage Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Sequence (APES), through which problematic parts of a person (described as voices to emphasize their active, agentic qualities) are thought to pass during successful psychotherapy, as they become assimilated into the self (described as a community of voices). The transition between APES Stage 3 (problem statement/clarification) and APES Stage 4 (understanding/insight) was described as a series of substages. The results highlighted the construction of meaning bridges-semiotic links by which the problematic voice could understand and be understood by voices of the community. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bias in psychotherapist ratings of client transference and insight.

The psychology literature at large considers rater bias to be a substantial source of error in observer ratings. Yet, it is typically ignored by psychotherapy researchers using participant (psychotherapist/client) ratings. In particular, interrater variability, or differences between raters' overall tendency to rate others favorably or unfavorably, has been a largely ignored source of error in studies that use psychotherapists and/or clients as raters. Ignoring rater bias can have serious consequences for statistical power and for interpretation of research findings. Rater bias may be a particular problem in psychotherapy research, as psychotherapists are often asked to rate subjective variables that require much rater inference. Consequently, we examined the extent to which rater bias is a factor in psychotherapist ratings of client transference and insight, by comparing psychotherapist variance from these ratings to psychotherapist variance in ratings of client-perceived emotional intelligence, using Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Results suggest that bias may be a substantial source of error in psychotherapist process and relationship ratings, accounting for, on average, 38% of the total variance in scores, and 30% after accounting for perceived emotional intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal Construal Effects on Abstract and Concrete Thinking: Consequences for Insight and Creative Cognition.

Six studies investigate whether and how distant future time perspective facilitates abstract thinking and impedes concrete thinking by altering the level at which mental representations are construed. In Experiments 1-3, participants who envisioned their lives and imagined themselves engaging in a task 1 year later as opposed to the next day subsequently performed better on a series of insight tasks. In Experiments 4 and 5 a distal perspective was found to improve creative generation of abstract solutions. Moreover, Experiment 5 demonstrated a similar effect with temporal distance manipulated indirectly, by making participants imagine their lives in general a year from now versus tomorrow prior to performance. In Experiment 6, distant time perspective undermined rather than enhanced analytical problem solving. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What Makes an Insight Problem? The Roles of Heuristics, Goal Conception, and Solution Recoding in Knowledge-Lean Problems.

Four experiments investigated transformation problems with insight characteristics. In Experiment 1, performance on a version of the 6-coin problem that had a concrete and visualizable solution followed a hill-climbing heuristic. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the difficulty of a version of the problem that potentially required insight for solution stems from the same hill-climbing heuristic, which creates an implicit conceptual block. Experiment 3 confirmed that the difficulty of the potential insight solution is conceptual, not procedural. Experiment 4 demonstrated the same principles of move selection on the 6-coin problem and the 10-coin (triangle) problem. It is argued that hill-climbing heuristics provide a common framework for understanding transformation and insight problem solving. Postsolution receding may account for part of the phenomenology of insight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

对关联交易的深层次认识

随着企业改革的深入及市场竞争的加剧，企业之间的关联交易日见增多，数额日益增大。本文从关联交易的两面性、规范及应注意的问题等方面探讨了关联交易过程中易出现的问题，以期对石油石化系统股份公司和存续公司的发展有所裨益。     

哈代《苔丝》中的典故和神话

哈代小说中的典故和神话用得颇多，而且寓意深刻，这一点在《苔丝》中最为突出。小说爱情故事的展开以教会为背景，用圣经和希腊神话进行点缀，既达到了艺术的统一，也表达了作者对宗教和社会的认识。     

Effects of feedback on insight and problem solving efficiency in training groups.

"An experiment was conducted in a field setting to investigate two of the learning principles utilized in human relations courses. The Ss were 103 first line supervisors, in groups of about 12, in a one week, highly participative management course… . The data indicated that personalized feedback markedly, and consistently, improved group problem solving efficiency. Under some conditions, feedback improved self-insight." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of The technique of psychotherapy.

Reviews the book, The technique of psychotherapy by Lewis R. Wolberg (1954). Noting the dearth of concrete specific writings on psychotherapeutic technique "amidst the lush literature on psychiatry," the author made it his purpose to write a book which would delineate a "sound therapeutic structure irrespective of the specific 'kind' of psychotherapy done and without reference to the individual 'style' of the therapist." The writer compares briefly education, social casework, and counseling of normal people with psychotherapy and finds considerable overlapping in goals and means. He also finds that some of the undercurrent processes in "spontaneous cure" are similar to those in psychotherapy. After these preliminary considerations Wolberg attempts to classify the existing varieties of psychotherapy into three types: (a) supportive therapies; (b) insight therapies with re-educative goals; (c) insight therapies with reconstructive goals. The reviewer reports that while the presentation of the chief tenets of the various present-day therapies is too brief to teach a novice, it is so lively and stimulating that it certainly will whet his appetite and induce him to go to the original sources. The criticism of each "approach" is confined to a few objections presented, not as the author's own beliefs, but as opinions voiced by unspecified critics. This is a very important book to be read and enjoyed by all psychologists, practitioners, and theoreticians alike. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)