Attention: Reaction Time and Accuracy Reveal Different Mechanisms.

The authors propose that there are 2 different mechanisms whereby spatial cues capture attention. The voluntary mechanism is the strategic allocation of perceptual resources to the location most likely to contain the target. The involuntary mechanism is a reflexive orienting response that occurs even when the spatial cue does not indicate the probable target location. Voluntary attention enhances the perceptual representation of the stimulus in the cued location relative to other locations. Hence, voluntary attention affects performance in experiments designed around both accuracy and reaction time. Involuntary attention affects a decision as to which location should be responded to. Because involuntary attention does not change the perceptual representation, it affects performance in reaction time experiments but not accuracy experiments. The authors obtained this pattern of results in 4 different versions of the spatial cuing paradigm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations among categorization, induction, recognition, and similarity: Comment on Sloutsky and Fisher (2004).

V. M. Sloutsky and A. V. Fisher (see record 2004-14313-002) reported 5 experiments documenting relations among categorization, induction, recognition, and similarity in children as well as adults and proposed a new model of induction, SINC (similarity, induction, categorization). Those authors concluded that induction depends on perceptual similarity rather than conceptual knowledge. Despite the useful contributions of this work, there are some important limitations. The experimental designs examined a limited range of phenomena that are not the most revealing about the use of nonperceptual information. The main results involved a simple triad task, for which the SINC model's predictions are equivalent to the predictions of previous models of inductive reasoning. It is also unclear whether the SINC model can account for the observed relations between similarity and recognition. Implications for future work on induction and related cognitive activities are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Look Here but Ignore What You See: Effects of Distractors at Fixation.

Distractor interference effects were compared between distractors in the periphery and those placed at fixation. In 6 experiments, the authors show that fixation distractors produce larger interference effects than peripheral distractors. However, the fixation distractor effects are modulated by perceptual load to the same extent as are peripheral distractor effects (Experiments 1 and 2). Experiment 3 showed that fixation distractors are harder to filter out than peripheral distractors. The larger distractor effects at fixation are not due to the cortical magnification of foveal stimuli (Experiments 4 and 5), nor can they be attributed to cuing by the fixation point (Experiment 2), the lower predictability or greater location certainty of fixation distractors (Experiment 5), or their being in a central position (Experiment 6). The authors suggest that preferential access to attention renders fixation distractors harder to ignore than peripheral distractors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Scaling of Information to Action in Visually Guided Braking.

Braking to avoid a collision can be controlled by keeping the deceleration required to stop (i.e., ideal deceleration) in the "safe" region below maximum deceleration, but maximum deceleration is not optically specified and can vary as conditions change. When brake strength was manipulated between participants using a simulated braking task, the ratio of ideal to maximum deceleration at brake onset was invariant across groups, suggesting that calibration involves scaling information about ideal deceleration in intrinsic units of maximum deceleration. Evidence of rapid recalibration was found when brake strength was manipulated within participants, and the presence of external forces that affect brake dynamics resulted in biases in performance. Discussion focuses on the role of calibration, internal models, and affordance perception in visually guided action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

网络传感器在机器人感知系统中的应用研究

本文针对网络环境下机器人感知系统信息获取技术，结合IEEE1451.2网络传感器设计 思想，提出一种即插即用机器人感知系统节点的设计方法，并针对具体感知节点提出一种在 线编程的方法，即可在线修改感知系统节点中具体的传感器／执行器的有关参数，如：生产 厂家、日期、校准参数等；并给出了网络环境下机器人感知系统的网络拓扑结构以及数字接 口．     

地形图点状虚线的自动矢量化研究与实现

虚线的矢量化一直是地形图自动识别的难点之一。文章通过人眼对虚线视觉感知特性的分析，提出了基于点与点之间相互作用的视觉组织模型。根据感知的类似性对地图图像进行形态滤波，然后运用有界深度优先搜索法生成初始种子段，提出可变形模型迭代算法实现对虚线的自动跟踪矢量化。从理论分析及实验结果得出，本算法是行之有效的，具有稳定性好、易于实现的特点。     

一种基于掩盖效应的感知域图像质量评价方法

图像的压缩编码技术及其比特流在信息空间上的传输控制，为图像质量的评价提出了新课题。通过分析人类视觉系统(HVS)的视觉非线性、多通道及掩盖效应等特性，建立起相应的图像视觉处理模型，并将原始图像与降质图像变换到感知域进行误差分析。在处理HVS模型的多通道中，将图像的空间频率按视觉系统的掩盖效应特点，分成5个带分别进行滤波，以模拟人眼对图像的主观质量评价特性。实验结果表明这种模拟多通道的图像感知域评价模型，得到的HVS值能充分反映人类视觉系统的掩盖效应的特点，用于对图像质量的评价该模型通用性好，与主观评价结果高度一致。     

Intelligence and Leadership: A Quantitative Review and Test of Theoretical Propositions.

Meta-analysis was used to aggregate results from studies examining the relationship between intelligence and leadership. One hundred fifty-one independent samples in 96 sources met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Results indicated that the corrected correlation between intelligence and leadership is .21 (uncorrected for range restriction) and .27 (corrected for range restriction). Perceptual measures of intelligence showed stronger correlations with leadership than did paper-and-pencil measures of intelligence. Intelligence correlated equally well with objective and perceptual measures of leadership. Additionally, the leader's stress level and the leader's directiveness moderated the intelligence-leadership relationship. Overall, results suggest that the relationship between intelligence and leadership is considerably lower than previously thought. The results also provide meta-analytic support for both implicit leadership theory and cognitive resource theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unpaired image to image transformation via informative coupled generative adversarial networks

We consider image transformation problems, and the objective is to translate images from a source domain to a target one. The problem is challenging since it is difficult to preserve the key properties of the source images, and to make the details of target being as distinguishable as possible. To solve this problem, we propose an informative coupled generative adversarial networks (ICoGAN). For each domain, an adversarial generator-and-discriminator network is constructed. Basically, we make an approximately-shared latent space assumption by a mutual information mechanism, which enables the algorithm to learn representations of both domains in unsupervised setting, and to transform the key properties of images from source to target.Moreover, to further enhance the performance, a weightsharing constraint between two subnetworks, and different level perceptual losses extracted from the intermediate layers of the networks are combined. With quantitative and visual results presented on the tasks of edge to photo transformation, face attribute transfer, and image inpainting, we demonstrate the ICo- GAN’s effectiveness, as compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms.     

Response latencies in auditory sentence comprehension: Effects of linguistic versus perceptual challenge.

Older adults with good hearing and with mild-to-moderate hearing loss were tested for comprehension of spoken sentences that required perceptual effort (hearing speech at lower sound levels), and two degrees of cognitive load (sentences with simpler or more complex syntax). Although comprehension accuracy was equivalent for both participant groups and for young adults with good hearing, hearing loss was associated with longer response latencies to the correct comprehension judgments, especially for complex sentences heard at relatively low amplitudes. These findings demonstrate the need to take into account both sensory and cognitive demands of speech materials in older adults' language comprehension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)