Diagnosis of the surface morphology of laser-ablated materials using the weighted- DCT approach in laser speckle interferometry for application to plasma facing materials

To implement on-line, real-time monitoring for the surface morphology of Plasma-Facing Materials (PFMs) in tokamak, we developed a Laser Speckle Interferometry measurement approach. A laser ablation method was used to simulate the erosion process during Plasma-Wall Interactions in a tokamak. In the present investigation, we evaluated the results of laser ablation morphology changes on the surface of Mo material reconstructed by four different approaches (Flood-fill, Quality-guided, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Weighted-DCT). The morphology results measured by the weighted-DCT approach are very close to the measurement results from confocal microscopy with an average error rate within 7%. It is verified that the weighted-DCT algorithm has high accuracy and can efficiently reduce the influence of noise pollution coming from laser ablation, which is used as a proxy for erosion from plasma wall interaction. Additionally, the CPU computer time has been shortened. This is of great significance for the real-time monitoring of PFMs’ morphology in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in the future.     

钻井液用聚醚胺基烷基糖苷的合成及性能

针对钻井液中聚醚胺易絮凝黏土、配伍性差和烷基糖苷加量大、成本高、高温易发酵的技术难题,通过醚化和胺化两步反应,合成得到了聚醚胺基烷基糖苷产品,并对其进行了提纯。对提纯得到的产品样品进行了红外光谱分析和元素分析,确定了产品分子结构。对产品性能进行了评价测试。结果表明,产品可改善无土相、低固相聚合物、聚磺等常规水基钻井液的流型,降低钻井液滤失量; 0. 3%产品水溶液的页岩一次回收率为97. 85%,页岩二次回收率为97. 55%,页岩相对回收率为99. 69%; 0. 3%产品对钙土相对抑制率为95. 28%;产品耐温达252℃;产品EC50值为528 800 mg/L,远大于排放标准30 000 mg/L。该产品配伍性好,具有超强抑制性和优良耐温性,绿色环保,适用于强水敏性泥岩等易坍塌地层及页岩油气水平井的钻井施工,应用前景广阔。     

基于可穿戴加速度传感器的人体运动状态识别研究

探讨以加速度传感器模块监测人体运动状态的智能服装,提出一种识别人体运动状态的方法。该方法通过对采集到的数据进行处理,求取人体日常活动状态合加速度的平均值、标准差、峰峰值和平均偏差,从而有效识别人体日常活动的慢走、快走、上下楼梯以及跑步和跌倒,用快速傅里叶变换的方法求取慢走、快走和跑步的时域图对应的频谱图,分析它们的运动频率,从而更加准确的区分走路和跑步。为减少对跌倒的误判,对跌倒过程进行分析,用跌倒阈值以及加速度传感器初始状态位置的改变和跌倒后人体的倾角来对跌倒进一步进行判断。研究表明该方法应用在智能服装中可有效区分人体慢走、快走、跑步、上下楼梯和跌倒。     

Frequency dependence of plasma characteristics at different pressures in cylindrical inductively coupled plasma source

The effects of driving frequency on plasma parameters and electron heating efficiency are studied in cylindrical inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source. Measurements are made in an Ar discharge for driving frequency at 13.56/2 MHz, and pressures of 0.4–1.2 Pa. In 13.56 MHz discharge, higher electron density (n_e) and higher electron temperature (T_e) are observed in comparison with 2 MHz discharge at 0.6–1.2 Pa. However, slightly highern_e andT_e are observed in 2 MHz discharge at 0.4 Pa. This observation is explained by enhanced electron heating efficiency due to the resonance between the oscillation of 2 MHz electromagnetic field and electron-neutral collision process at 0.4 Pa. It is also found that the variation ofT_e distribution is different in 13.56 and 2 MHz discharge. For ICP at 13.56 MHz, T_e shows an edge-high profile at 0.4–1.2 Pa. For 2 MHz discharge,T_e remains an edge-high distribution at 0.4–0.8 Pa. However, the distribution pattern involves into a center-high profile at 0.9–1.2 Pa. The spatial profiles ofn_e remain a center-high shape in both 13.56 and 2 MHz discharges, which indicates the nonlocal kinetics at low pressures. Better uniformity could be achieved by using 2 MHz discharge. The effects of gas pressure on plasma parameters are also examined. An increase in gas pressure necessitates the rise ofn_e in both 13.56 and 2 MHz discharges. Meanwhile, T_e drops when gas pressure increases and shows a flatter distribution at higher pressure.     

Influence of gas atmosphere on synergistic control of mercury and dioxin by nonthermal plasma

In this paper, narrow-pulse power discharge is used to study the synergistic control of mercury and dioxins, in which 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) was used as a dioxin analog, by using a self- designed experimental system. The competitive effects of NO, SO₂ and HCl on the TCB removal by non-thermal plasma are discussed. The influence of acid gas on TCB degradation is reflected in the competitive effect. NO has the greatest influence on TCB degradation efficiency. The oxidation efficiency of Hg⁰ decreased by about 10% in all three acidic gas atmospheres, and the effect of each gas component on Hg⁰ oxidation is complex. In the flue gas atmosphere of ‘acid gas+Hg⁰ +TCB’, the mechanism of the synergistic control of Hg⁰ and TCB by the non- thermal plasma is different, which has competition and promotion relationship between each other. The contribution of various flue gas components to the results was complicated, but the overall experimental results show that the synergistic control effect of the system can continue to improve. According to the generated product backstepping, ·OH plays an important role in the synergistic control of the degradation of Hg⁰ and TCB. Through this study, we hope to provide basic research data for the collaborative control of flue gas in the incineration industry.     

Effects of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics in oil-impregnated pressboard insulation under combined AC–DC voltage

Due to the complexity of the valve side winding voltage of the converter transformer, the insulation characteristics of the oil-impregnated pressboard (OIP) of the converter transformer are different from those of the traditional AC transformer. The study on effect of temperature on the creeping discharge characteristics of OIP under combined AC–DC voltage is seriously inadequate. Therefore, this paper investigates the characteristics of OIP creepage discharge under combined AC–DC voltage and discusses the influence of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics under different temperatures from 70°C to 110 °C. The experimental results show that the partial discharge inception voltage and flashover voltage decrease with increasing temperature. The times of low amplitude discharge (LAD) decrease and amplitude of LAD increases. Simultaneously, the times of high amplitude discharge (HAD) gradually increase at each stage of creepage discharge with higher temperature. The analysis indicates that the charge carriers easily accumulate and quickly migrate directional movement along the electric field ahead of discharging. The residual charge carriers are more easily dissipated after discharging. The ‘hump’ region of LAD moves to the direction of higher discharge magnitude. The interval time between two continuous discharges is shortened obviously. The concentration of HAD accelerates the development of OIP insulation creepage discharge. The temperature had an accelerating effect on the development of discharge in the OIP under applying voltage.     

Heating frequency optimization for artificial field-aligned scattering

In this study, we present a simulation study of artificial field-aligned irregularities (AFAI) to calculate the scattering coefficient considering a Gaussian autocorrelation function for the wave number spectrum of the density fluctuation. By analyzing variations in the scattering coefficient under different ionospheric backgrounds, the optimal range of the heating frequency was found, which is about 0.9–1 times the critical frequency of the F2 layer. This is especially noticeable as when the heating frequency varies from 0.5 times to 0.9 times of the critical frequency, the scattering coefficient increases by 6.8–16.2 dB. These results should be useful for optimizing the heating frequency in the future artificial field-aligned scattering (AFAS) transmission applications at middle and low latitudes.     

水泥半终粉磨系统生产矿渣粉的实践

为了提高公司综合经济效益，充分发挥目前现有的水泥半终粉磨系统生产能力大、电耗低的特点，利用水泥销售淡季间隔生产经济效益较好的矿渣粉。经过调整和部分改造，半终粉磨系统运行情况良好，效果显著。     

Destructive and non-destructive evaluation of concrete for optimum sand to aggregate volume ratio

Aggregates are the biggest contributor to concrete volume and are a crucial parameter in dictating its mechanical properties. As such, a detailed experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of sand-to-aggregate volume ratio (s/a) on the mechanical properties of concrete utilizing both destructive and non-destructive testing (employing UPV (ultrasonic pulse velocity) measurements). For investigation, standard cylindrical concrete samples were made with different s/a (0.36, 0.40, 0.44, 0.48, 0.52, and 0.56), cement content (340 and 450 kg/m³), water-to-cement ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and maximum aggregate size (12 and 19 mm). The effect of these design parameters on the 7, 14, and 28 d compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and UPV of concrete were assessed. The careful analysis demonstrates that aggregate proportions and size need to be optimized for formulating mix designs; optimum ratios of s/a were found to be 0.40 and 0.44 for the maximum aggregate size of 12 and 19 mm, respectively, irrespective of the W/C (water-to-cement) and cement content.     

Performance of insulated FRP-strengthened concrete flexural members under fire conditions

This paper presents the results of fire resistance tests on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened concrete flexural members, i.e., T-beams and slabs. The strengthened members were protected with fire insulation and tested under the combined effects of thermal and structural loading. The variables considered in the tests include the applied load level, extent of strengthening, and thickness of the fire insulation applied to the beams and slabs. Furthermore, a previously developed numerical model was validated against the data generated from the fire tests; subsequently, it was utilized to undertake a case study. Results from fire tests and numerical studies indicate that owing to the protection provided by the fire insulation, the insulated CFRP-strengthened beams and slabs can withstand four and three hours of standard fire exposure, respectively, under service load conditions. The insulation layer impedes the temperature rise in the member; therefore, the CFRP–concrete composite action remains active for a longer duration and the steel reinforcement temperature remains below 400°C, which in turn enhances the capacity of the beams and slabs.