城市生境单元制图研究进展及其在生物多样性保护中的应用

城市生境单元制图是将原始生态环境数据和生物信息应用到城市自然保护和生态空间管理决策的有效途径.生境单元制图对于揭示城市环境与生物多样性的分布规律、探寻城市生物多样性保护与管控的生态边界具有重要意义.对城市生境单元制图的国内外研究进行综述,系统介绍了城市生境单元制图的主要步骤和方法;对比和评述了国内外典型城市生境单元制图...     

新时代长江鱼类多样性保护的思考

长江是我国第一大河流,是世界生物多样性的热点区域,也是我国鱼类多样性最高的河流之一。在介绍长江鱼类主要生态习性生境条件的基础上,分析了导致鱼类多样性下降的主要因素——生境丧失和过度捕捞,并简要总结了目前已采取的保护措施及存在的问题,提出了关于新时期长江鱼类多样性保护的思考与建议:①建立以流域管理机构牵头,相关部门和地方共同组建流域生态保护机制;②有计划开展支流及通江湖泊的生态恢复,使支流的小水电逐步退出,使原本的通江湖泊恢复自然江湖关系;③提高民众环保意识,积极建立全流域禁捕机制和休闲垂钓机制,并让垂钓者成为渔政的管理者和监督者。     

南水北调中线水源区浮游植物群落结构 及其生物多样性

为探究南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库浮游植物群落结构变化及其生物多样性，于 2014—2015 年对丹江 口水库进行为期 1 年的调查和分析。发现浮游植物共 8 门 76 属 101 种，其中，绿藻门、蓝藻门及硅藻门占总种数 90.10%，绿藻门种类数最多（45 种），其次是蓝藻门（26 种）和硅藻门（20 种）。浮游植物群落结构随季节变化有所 不同：夏秋季节生物量明显高于冬春季节；优势种在冬季以颗粒直链藻、颗粒直链藻极狭变种、铜绿微囊藻和小 环藻为主，春季以球衣藻、薄甲藻属及小环藻为主，夏季以简单颤藻、单胞衣藻原变种和球衣藻为主，秋季以类颤 藻鱼腥藻、简单颤藻、球衣藻和小环藻为主。应用 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数 H′、Pielou 均匀度指数 J′、Margalef 丰富度指数 Dm评价水质结果表明：丹江口水库夏秋季水体营养化程度更高。典型对应分析表明：水温、透明度、 总氮、总磷等是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子，夏秋季受温度影响蓝藻、绿藻数量逐渐增多，一定程度 上增加了受水区生态变化风险。本研究可为南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库生态环境变化及生物迁移风险提供 数据支持。     

面向森林生态学研究的Web处理服务系统

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,森林生态保护与恢复是生态文明建设的重要组成部分.面对森林生态模型单机化、重复开发部署的现状,本文设计并实现一个面向森林生态学研究的Web处理服务系统.该系统根据开放地理空间信息联盟（Open Geospatial Consortium,OGC）制定的空间数据共享及互操作的接口规范,基于WebService技术,实现了面向森林生态学研究的多模型整合,并将模型计算结果进行展示,减少了重复开发和部署工作,提高了数据与服务的共享性.     

Implications of an invasive fish barrier for the long‐term recovery of native fish assemblages in a previously degraded northeastern Illinois River system

Barriers to fish movement have been used to prevent the spread of invasive fishes but may also limit the movements of native fishes. We evaluated the potential consequences of a proposed barrier on the Illinois River Waterway, meant to inhibit the spread of silver and bighead carps, to the continued recovery of native fishes in the Des Plaines River following water quality improvements. We compared changes in upstream cumulative species richness and community structure from 1983 to 2013 in the DuPage River, an adjacent tributary with an impassable dam, to the area upstream of a newly proposed barrier on the Des Plaines River where fish can currently pass through a navigational lock. Fewer species displayed truncated distributions upstream of the passable lock and dam (n = 18) compared with the impassable dam (n = 23). Due to water quality improvements in the Illinois River as a whole, cumulative species richness downstream of both dams steadily increased over time. Richness also increased upstream of the passable dam but plateaued upstream of the impassable dam. Fifteen to 18 species accounted for differences in community structure between areas downstream and upstream of either dam. Most species (78–100%) were found in greater relative abundance downstream of the impassable dam, and only 53% were found in greater relative abundance downstream of the passable dam. The truncation in species richness and abundance at the impassable dam foreshadows the potential consequences of an indiscriminate barrier on native fishes and the continued recovery of native assemblages.     

Secondary Production of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Zoobenthos Across Rivers Contrasting in Temperature

Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA), which are essential for many animals, including humans, are mainly produced in aquatic trophic webs. In fast‐flowing rivers, macrozoobenthos is the main source of HUFA for fish and may be particularly vulnerable to thermal alterations associated with climate change. We studied benthic communities in a unique natural ecosystem: the Yenisei River downstream of the dam of Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station with very low temperature in summer because of discharge of cold water from deep in the reservoir and its tributaries with high summer temperature. This ‘natural experiment’ allowed to get rid of confounding factors, such as differences in light, seasonality, geology (biogeochemistry) and biogeography (regional species pools). As found, in spite of an increase of biodiversity and rates of daily production in warm rivers compared with cold sites, DHA and partly EPA production of zoobenthos decreased with the increase of temperature because of changes in species composition. Thus, in a climate warming context, we can predict a decrease of production of these HUFA by river zoobenthos and thereby a diminishing of their supply for fish and next to humans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市绿地景观格局对“核心生境”质量的影响探究

城市化进程中自然栖息地的锐减是导致生物多样性缺失的直接原因。当前保留年份较久的残存栖息地可作为"核心生境"在城市生态系统服务功能中发挥重要作用。以韩国首尔特别市为例,基于4期解译后的卫星图像判别城市林地内的"核心生境",并选取22个城市公园作为样本,运用Fragstats工具和InVEST模型分别计算景观格局指数和生境质量指数,模拟了林地生境质量和影响其变化的主导景观格局因子。研究发现:1)毗邻建设用地的林地生境质量指数明显低于城市边缘山区;2)面积对于生境单元值的影响具有尺度差异性,相对于较大尺度样本,中小尺度样本的"核心生境"单元值受面积影响较小;3)样本生境的景观格局对"核心生境"质量的主导影响可概括为绿地形状因子和绿地聚合因子(因子分析解释度为96.022%),且具有显著的线性回归关系。     

基于用地多样性评析的城市生态建设及规划调整

提出了将城市用地多样性与城市生态建设和规划调整协同考虑的观点.构建了城市用地多样性评价指标体系.以盱眙市中心城区为例,对其现状的用地多样性进行了评价和分析.以此为基础,提出了盱眙市中心城区生态建设方案和规划布局调整方案.在对规划方案的用地多样性评价和分析的基础上,通过与现状的用地多样性水平的比较,对规划方案的可行性作了进一步的分析和论证.     

Evaluation of biocultural landscapes and associated ecosystem services in the region of Suğla Lake in Turkey

The purpose of this study was to evaluate biocultural landscapes and associated ecosystem services in the region of Su?la Lake located in Konya Province of Turkey. Method of the study includes four stages. In the first stage, the biodiversity function of landscapes was identified by overlapping the maps of flora and fauna and then it was evaluated by using a 1–5 score system. Second, the cultural diversity function of landscapes was evaluated by site survey and literature review. The obtained data were evaluated according to the 11 criteria by using a 1–4 score system. The analysed data were transferred on to the maps. Third, the biocultural landscapes were designated by overlapping the maps of the biodiversity and cultural diversity functions of landscapes. Finally, major ecosystem services provided by the biocultural landscapes were examined by assessing the collected data on the biodiversity and cultural diversity functions of landscapes and review of literature.     

土壤有机质含量和酸碱度对烟草内生真菌生物多样性的影响

为研究环境生态因素对烟草内生真菌的影响,在湖北省恩施州选取不同有机质含量和酸碱度的田块,以云烟87为供试植株,探究土壤有机质含量和酸碱度对烟草内生真菌生物多样性的影响。试验分别选取6块不同有机质含量（分别为16.3,20.7,23.3,27.1,31.4和35.6 g/kg）及4块不同pH（分别为4.3,5.5,6.4和7.6）的田块,采用五点取样法采集健康烟草植株,分离纯化根中内生真菌并根据rDNA-ITS序列分析进行菌种鉴定,以Shannon多样性指数及相对分离频率反映内生真菌生物多样性。结果发现,烟草内生真菌生物多样性随土壤有机质含量的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在6个不同土壤有机质含量下,内生真菌Shannon多样性指数分别为0.53、0.67、0.82、1.09、0.86和0.59;而烟草内生真菌生物多样性随土壤pH的升高呈下降的趋势,在4个不同土壤pH下,内生真菌Shannon多样性指数分别为1.36、1.12、0.93和0.83。研究表明,土壤有机质含量和酸碱度会对烟草内生真菌生物多样性产生一定影响。在一定范围内,土壤有机质含量的升高或者pH的降低可以增加烟草内生真菌的物种丰富度。