Sequestration of host plant-derived compounds by geometrid moth, Milionia basalis, toxic to a predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

A predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata, died after feeding on Milionia basalis larvae. The compounds toxic to E. furcellata were isolated from the hemolymph of M. basalis larvae and identified as inumakilactone A, nagilactone C, and nagilactone C glucoside. The concentrations of inumakilactone A, nagilactone C, and nagilactone C glucoside in the hemolymph of the final instar larvae were 130, 50, and 770 g/ml, respectively. Nagilactone C showed the highest insecticidal activity against second-instar nymphs of E. furcellata, while nagilactone C glucoside showed the lowest, one twentieth of that of nagilactone C. When mixed compounds were given at the same concentrations as those in hemolymph of M. basalis, all nymphs of E. furcellata died with in three days. Inumakilactone A and nagilactone C were found to be in the leaves of podocarp, Podocarpus macrophyllus, the only host plant of M. basalis, at concentrations of 13 and 175 g/g fresh weight, respectively. However, no nagilactone C glucoside was detected in the leaves of this species. These results suggested that M. basalis may transform nagilactone C to its glucoside.     

椭圆插补原理存在的缺陷

本文主要介绍了现代数控系统中椭圆的插补原理,指出了这种插补原理的缺陷。     

Wheat-bug damage in New Zealand wheats: Some properties of a glutenin hydrolysing enzyme in bug-damaged wheat

Some properties of a glutenin hydrolysing enzyme present in bug (Nysius huttoni) damaged wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined using a modified SDS sedimentation test reported previously. The enzyme appears to be a water-soluble alkaline protease with an activity optimum at pH 9.0. It is relatively heat stable, but the temperature optimum for activity is quite low (35–40°C). The enzyme is not inhibited by EDTA or N-ethylmaleimide, but is inhibited by the metal ions Co²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺.     

智能设备的通用测试

根据计算机监控系统的特点，用VB6.0开发通用的计算机监控系统测试软件。该软件既能充当主控机，又能充当受控机，还可用来破译通讯协议，可靠性高，实用性强，可广泛应用于智能设备的测试及计算机监控系统。同时，对Microsoft的MSComm通讯控件中的bug作了修正。     

Exocrine secretions of the andromeda lace bugStephanitis takeyai (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

The four major components of the setal exudate of nymphs of the andromeda lace bug,Stephanitis takeyai, were identified. They are 7-hydroxy-3-nonylchromanone1, the novel 3,5-dihydroxy-2-dodecanoylcyclohex-2-en-1-one2,2,6-dihydroxydodecanophenone3, and its 3-hydroxy derivative4. Only three species ofStephanitis commonly occur in the United States; withS. takeyai we have now identified the major compounds secreted by each of these species. The individual species of the genus are chemotaxonomically distinct and are characterized by the oxidation states of the secreted compounds.     

基于符号执行的能耗错误检测方法

能耗是制约便携式智能设备发展的重要瓶颈.随着嵌入式操作系统的广泛应用,因不能合理使用操作系统的API而导致的能耗错误已经成为各种嵌入式应用开发过程中不容忽视的因素.为减少应用中的能耗错误,以符号执行技术为基础,根据禁止休眠类能耗错误的特点,设计了对应的能耗错误检测方法.该方法首先利用过程内分析,获得单个函数的符号执行信息.然后借助过程间分析对单个函数的符号执行信息进行全局综合,得到更为精确的执行开销、锁变量匹配等相关信息,以更好的检测能耗错误.同时,符号执行记录了对应的分支路径信息,利用该信息能够结合约束求解器较为方便的生成出错的测试用例,进而定位错误位置.通过示例和实验,验证了该方法在能耗错误检测方面的可行性和有效性.     

Selective sequestration of milkweed (Asclepias sp.) cardenolides inOncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

The cardenolide content of the gut, wings, and fat body ofOncopeltus fasciatus was examined. The female fat body contained 4–5% of the total cardenolide content of the insect. The cardenolide content of male fat body, and gut and wings of both sexes was below the detection limit of the cardenolide assay. Thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the cardenolide array of various tissues and secretions ofO. fasciatus reared on seeds of a single species of milkweed (A. Speciosa) and adult extracts and dorsolateral space fluid ofO. fasciatus reared on seeds of two species of milkweed with different cardenolide arrays (A. speciosa andA. syriaca). Our results indicate that cardenolides are not sequestered in the insect simply on the basis of polarity and that metabolism and differential excretion of cardenolides are involved in the sequestration of cardenolides inO. fasciatus. The similarities in the cardenolide profiles ofO. fasciatus reared on different food sources, and tissues ofO. fasciatus reared on a single food source indicates that there is regulation of the cardenolide array inO. Fasciatus.     

基于知识图谱的bug问题探索性搜索方法

软件bug问题在软件开发与维护过程中不可避免.然而软件历史库中的bug库与commit库之间没有直接的对应关系,并且随着bug信息、commit提交信息量的增长,搜索bug变得更加繁琐.本文提出一种基于知识图谱对bug问题进行探索性搜索的方法.通过建立bug报告、commit提交信息及相关人员（如：bug报告人、commit提交者等）信息的bug知识图谱,并结合探索性搜索的思想,不仅能准确搜索bug问题,还能提供相关辅助信息对bug问题进行探索性搜索,帮助软件开发人员更有效地理解和解决bug问题.     

Automated bug isolation via program chipping

This paper introduces program chipping, a simple yet effective technique to isolate bugs. This technique automatically removes or chips away parts of a program so that the part that contributes to some symptomatic output becomes more apparent to the user. Program chipping is similar in spirit to traditional program slicing and debugging techniques, but chipping uses very simple techniques based on the syntactic structure of the program. We have developed a chipping tool for Java programs, called ChipperJ, and have run it on a variety of small to large programs, including a Java compiler, looking for various symptoms. The results are promising. The reduced program is generally about 20–35% of the size of the original. ChipperJ takes less than an hour on large programs to perform this reduction; even if it took overnight, that would be reasonable if it saves the developer time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pheromones of milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) attract wayward plant bugs: Phytocoris mirid sex pheromone

The synthetic aggregation pheromone of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Lygaeinae), also attracted males of the plant bug, Phytocoris difficilis Knight (Miridae). Field testing partial blends against the six-component blend comprising the Oncopeltus pheromone showed that cross-attraction of P. difficilis males was due to synergism between (E)-2-octenyl acetate and (E,E)-2,4-hexadienyl acetate. Hexyl acetate was abundant in the metathoracic scent gland (MSG) secretion of P. difficilis males, but because female P. difficilis could not initially be found in the field, further combinatorial tests were guided by prior research on the pheromones of two Phytocoris species in the western United States. The combination of hexyl, (E)-2-hexenyl, and (E)-2-octenyl acetates was as attractive to P. difficilis males as the milkweed bug pheromone, yet no milkweed bugs were drawn to this blend. Gas chromatographic (GC)-electroantennographic detection (EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric (MS) analyses of female P. difficilis MSGs determined that their secretion contained predominantly hexyl, (E)-2-hexenyl, and (E)-2-octenyl acetates (all strongly EAD-active)—the latter two compounds found only in trace amounts from males—plus five minor female-specific compounds, three of which were EAD-active. (E,E)-2,4-Hexadienyl acetate was not detected from P. difficilis females or males. The blend of the three major components, hexyl, (E)-2-hexenyl, and (E)-2-octenyl acetates (2:1.5:1 by volume), was as attractive as the blend of all six EAD-active compounds identified from females, indicating that this ternary blend constitutes the sex pheromone of P. difficilis. Hexyl acetate with (E)-2-octenyl acetate also attracted males of another species, P. breviusculus Reuter, but addition of (E)-2-hexenyl acetate and/or (E,E)-2,4-hexadienyl acetate inhibited attraction of P. breviusculus males. Attraction of P. difficilis males occurred mainly during the first half of scotophase. The possible neurophysiological basis for this asymmetrical cross-attraction is discussed.