Multi‐fault synergistic diagnosis of battery systems based on the modified multi‐scale entropy

Faults of lithium batteries in their early stage in electric vehicles (EVs) are usually undetectable, and their characteristics are difficult to be extracted by conventional methods. This paper presents a novel synergistic diagnosis scheme for multiple battery faults using the modified multi‐scale entropy (MMSE). The proposed MMSE can effectively extract the multi‐scale features of complex battery signals in the early stages of battery faults as well as overcome the shortage of the coarse‐grained mode in the standard multi‐scale entropy. The simulation results on experimental data and the real‐world operational vehicles show that the proposed method can effectively detect and locate multiple battery faults/abnormities before they trigger the alarm thresholds. The defined sensitivity factor can implement real‐time evaluation on abnormities with high efficiency and stability, and the developed variable‐calculation‐window diagnosis scheme can synchronously detect and locate different fault types in real time. Furthermore, feasibility, stability, reliability, versatility, robustness, and practicality of the proposed method are separately verified using multiple sets of real‐world operation data. More importantly, the proposed method also provides feasibility to effectively prevent battery thermal runaway caused by multiple battery abnormities/faults. The applications of multi‐scale entropy theory is the first of its kind to battery fault diagnosis on the real‐world operational vehicles.     

The rapid detection for methane of ZnO porous nanoflakes with the decoration of Ag nanoparticles

Realizing the real-time detection of CH₄ is important for the safety of human life. A facile hydrothermal method was used to synthesize Ag nanoparticles-decorated ZnO porous nanoflakes (PNFs) in this study. The characterization results confirmed that Ag nanoparticles had been decorated in ZnO nanoflakes with the thickness of ~10 nm. The gas-sensing properties of Ag-decorated ZnO nanoflakes were also investigated. While the gas-sensing performances of ZnO were remarkably improved by decorating Ag nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO nanoflakes, the response of the Ag-decorated ZnO sensor to 3000 ppm CH₄ is almost 1.3 times as high as that of pristine ZnO sensor. The obtained Ag/ZnO sensor exhibits better long-term stability and shorter response recovery time (5/38 s) in the comparison with pristine ZnO, demonstrating the possibility for the actual detection of CH₄. The enhanced CH₄ sensing performance can be attributed to the synergism between the unique hierarchical porous structure and the sensitizing actions utilized by the Ag nanoparticles.     

From regional sensitivity to intra-sensitivity for parametric analysis of free-form shapes: Application to ship design

Robust Parametric Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) is a prerequisite for efficient shape optimisation via parametric modelling. A major challenge PSA has to handle is related to the fact that a parameter can be sensitive in certain local areas of the design space but become insensitive in others. Therefore, setting an applicable space for this analysis becomes a difficult task. In this paper, we introduce the concept of intra-sensitivity to identify parameters whose perturbation has a major impact on the sensitivity index of the remaining parameters. For this purpose, we firstly appeal to Active Subspace Method (ASM) and develop an ASM-based regional sensitivity analysis, which investigates parametric sensitivity in local regions of the design space and aids conducing to parameters’ intra-sensitivity. This regional analysis is applied in conjunction with a Dynamic Propagation Sampling approach, for tackling the computational complexity arising when high-dimensional problems are concerned. Once sensitive and intra-sensitive parameters are identified, then free-form features, correlated to these parameters, are evaluated using a feature saliency map built with the aid of Hausdorff distance. The so resulting methodology has been validated in the area of computer-aided ship design using two parametric modellers: the first one is a Procedural Deformation (PD) modeller which is based on T-splines and involves 24 parameters while the second one is based on Free-Form Deformation (FFD) and involves 104 parameters. The corresponding design spaces have been generated using a parent hull close to the KCS container ship and are analysed against hull’s volume of displacement and total resistance. Finally, the convergence performance of the various components of this approach is compared with state-of-the-art techniques.     

Glycerol and Acetate Additions to Maximize Lipid Content in High-Density Cultures of Phagotrophic Alga Ochromonas danica

Waste organics conversion to algal lipid is environmentally friendly and it promotes sustainability. Achieving high-lipid content in cells is crucial to the economic feasibility of algal lipid production and collection. Here, a phagotrophic microalga Ochromonas danica was grown on waste ketchup and then stimulated to accumulate high-lipid content using glycerol and acetate. Individually, glycerol and acetate could increase lipid synthesis. Sequential glycerol-then-acetate addition was more effective; for an O. danica culture with 0.25 g L⁻¹ cells, the intracellular lipid content was increased to 70–80% (w/w) in 6–12 hours. However, acetate added at >1 g L⁻¹ damaged cells. For high-density (25 g L⁻¹) fermentations, glycerol and acetate addition strategies were evaluated to overcome this inhibition. Results indicated that glycerol could be added in batches or continuously as long as the amount was sufficient to satisfy the glycerol consumption rate of 6 mg (g cells-hour)⁻¹ while acetic acid needed to be added continuously, optimal at a rate of 0.27–0.30 g hour⁻¹ or 12–14 mg (g cells-hour)⁻¹. Intracellular lipid content could reach 70–80% after 2-day supplementation of glycerol and acetic acid. The methods of glycerol/acetate additions developed here enhance algal lipid production and enable effective conversion of organic wastes to algal lipids as sustainable bioproducts.     

Numerical and sensitivity analysis of MHD bioconvective slip flow of nanomaterial with binary chemical reaction and Newtonian heating

The impact of Stefan blowing on the MHD bioconvective slip flow of a nanofluid towards a sheet is explored using numerical and statistical tools. The governing partial differential equations are nondimensionalized and converted to similarity equations using apposite transformations. These transformed equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method with the shooting technique. Graphical visualizations are used to scrutinize the effect of the controlling parameters on the flow profiles, skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt, and Sherwood number. Moreover, the sensitivities of the reduced Sherwood and Nusselt number to the input variables of interest are explored by adopting the response surface methodology. The outcomes of the limiting cases are emphatically in corroboration with the outcomes from preceding research. It is found that the heat transfer rate has a positive sensitivity towards the haphazard motion of the nanoparticles and a negative sensitivity towards the thermomigration. The thermal field is enhanced by the Stefan blowing aspect. Moreover, the fluid velocity can be controlled by the applied magnetic field.     

New sinusoidal oscillator configurations using operational transresistance amplifier

The objective of this brief is to introduce four new structures of electronically tunable sinusoidal oscillators (SOs) designed using operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA). Each of the proposed SO consists of forward path derived from a generic structure along with one/two OTRA-based resistive gain stages or differentiator in its feedback path. All the proposed SOs enjoy independent tuning of the frequency of oscillation (FO) through resistors without affecting the condition of oscillation (CO). Further, all topologies are found to exhibit low f_o sensitivities at all frequencies with respect to circuit parameters, and the second topology is capable of achieving very low frequencies (VLFs) using less RC component spread and provides linear tuning too. The fourth circuit provides quadrature output. The proposed SOs have been successfully implemented and verified in 180-nm CMOS technology node using ADE (analog design environment) tool Cadence Virtuoso. Both prelayout and postlayout simulation results have been included. To assess the oscillator prefabrication performances, Monte Carlo and process-voltage-temperature (PVT) analyses have been performed. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is observed to be less than 3.5%.     

A new approach of fatigue life prediction for metallic materials under multiaxial loading

Based on experimental data found in literatures, four traditionally multiaxial fatigue life criteria are analyzed and verified. It is discovered that these conventional criteria cannot reflect well the combined effect both under tension and torsion loadings for some materials, such as 6082-T6 and AlCu4Mg1, due to lack of enough consideration about the influence of stress amplitude ratio and stress level on fatigue life even under proportional loading. In order to solve this problem, a new approach of fatigue life prediction, based on the equal-life curve, is proposed and it is composed of three parts: the multiaxial fatigue life surface, a new path-dependent factor for multiaxial high-cycle fatigue and a material parameter describing material sensitivity to non-proportional loading. Finally, the precision of the presented approach is systematically checked against the experimental data found in literatures for four different materials under proportional and non-proportional loadings.     

地质痕量金石墨炉原子吸收法检测研究

着重研究了地质痕量金石墨炉检测痕量金的实验过程中吸液量的确定。文中以部分数据的对比分析了吸样量对其灵敏度的影响。对比结果表明:使用适量的吸样量进行实验,可在一定程度上提高样品检验的精确度,灵敏度。     

复合载荷作用下TATB基PBX炸药药柱的损伤试验研究

为研究损伤炸药的安全性,在温度载荷和机械载荷的复合作用下,对TATB基PBX炸药药柱进行了较轻微和较强烈两种不同程度的损伤试验。测试了损伤前后PBX药柱的密度、超声波声速和增益值变化,采用隔板试验测试了冲击波感度。结果表明,经两种复合载荷作用后药柱的密度分别减小0.15%和2.16%,超声波声速减小0.97%和7.87%,增益值增加43.32%和49.07%;50%爆轰隔板厚度分别增加约2.08%和30.21%,表明复合载荷作用越强烈,药柱密度和声速值减小越明显,损伤越严重,冲击波感度越高。