Biomedical Applications of DNA‐Based Hydrogels

Nucleic acids are gaining significant attention as versatile building blocks for the next generation of soft materials. Due to significant advances in the chemical synthesis and biotechnological production, DNA becomes more widely available enabling its usage as bulk material in various applications. This has prompted researchers to actively explore the unique features offered by DNA‐containing materials like hydrogels. In this review article, recent developments in the field of hydrogels that feature DNA as a component either in the construction of the material or as functional unit within the construct and their biomedical applications are discussed in detail. First, different synthetic approaches for obtaining DNA hydrogels are summarized, which allows classification of DNA materials according to their structure. Then, new concepts, properties, and applications are highlighted such as DNA‐based biosensor devices, drug delivery platforms, and cell scaffolds. With the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine being awarded to cancer immunotherapy underscoring the importance of this therapy, DNA hydrogel systems designed to modulate the immune system are introduced. This review aims to give the reader a timely overview of the most important and recent developments in this emerging class of therapeutically useful materials of DNA‐based hydrogels.     

超声治疗学在生物医学工程中的应用

超声治疗技术已成为当今生物医学领域的研究热点.对超声治疗技术在生物医学领域中的应用及其机理研究进行了论述.介绍了目前超声治疗的研究现状、超声波的生物效应及应用,并就该技术的发展趋势进行了展望.     

生物工程人工生命的科学技术基础

生物工程人工生命的科学技术基础包括材料技术型生物医学工程和组织工程等。文章着重论述材料技术型生物医学工程、组织工程与生物工程人工生命BEAL的关系,并对材料技术型生物医学工程、组织工程、人工组织、人工器官做扼要评述。     

从标准（ISO，GB）出发探讨生物医学实验室的特点

对比学习"ISO17025"、"ISO15189",探讨对生物医学实验室的不同要求,学习和落实《条例》与GB19489、GB19781,以确保人员安全、环境安全、样品安全。     

Emerging 0D Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides for Sensors,Biomedicine, and Clean Energy

Following research on two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), zero‐dimensional (0D) TMDs nanostructures have also garnered some attention due to their unique properties; exploitable for new applications. The 0D TMDs nanostructures stand distinct from their larger 2D TMDs cousins in terms of their general structure and properties. 0D TMDs possess higher bandgaps, ultra‐small sizes, high surface‐to‐volume ratios with more active edge sites per unit mass. So far, reported 0D TMDs can be mainly classified as quantum dots, nanodots, nanoparticles, and small nanoflakes. All exhibited diverse applications in various fields due to their unique and excellent properties. Of significance, through exploiting inherent characteristics of 0D TMDs materials, enhanced catalytic, biomedical, and photoluminescence applications can be realized through this exciting sub‐class of TMDs. Herein, we comprehensively review the properties and synthesis methods of 0D TMDs nanostructures and focus on their potential applications in sensor, biomedicine, and energy fields. This article aims to educate potential adopters of these excitingly new nanomaterials as well as to inspire and promote the development of more impactful applications. Especially in this rapidly evolving field, this review may be a good resource of critical insights and in‐depth comparisons between the 0D and 2D TMDs.     

Multifunctional Nanoparticles Self‐Assembled from Small Organic Building Blocks for Biomedicine

Supramolecular self‐assembly shows significant potential to construct responsive materials. By tailoring the structural parameters of organic building blocks, nanosystems can be fabricated, whose performance in catalysis, energy storage and conversion, and biomedicine has been explored. Since small organic building blocks are structurally simple, easily modified, and reproducible, they are frequently employed in supramolecular self‐assembly and materials science. The dynamic and adaptive nature of self‐assembled nanoarchitectures affords an enhanced sensitivity to the changes in environmental conditions, favoring their applications in controllable drug release and bioimaging. Here, recent significant research advancements of small‐organic‐molecule self‐assembled nanoarchitectures toward biomedical applications are highlighted. Functionalized assemblies, mainly including vesicles, nanoparticles, and micelles are categorized according to their topological morphologies and functions. These nanoarchitectures with different topologies possess distinguishing advantages in biological applications, well incarnating the structure–property relationship. By presenting some important discoveries, three domains of these nanoarchitectures in biomedical research are covered, including biosensors, bioimaging, and controlled release/therapy. The strategies regarding how to design and characterize organic assemblies to exhibit biomedical applications are also discussed. Up‐to‐date research developments in the field are provided and research challenges to be overcome in future studies are revealed.     

卟啉-多肽超分子组装体系的研究进展

近年来,卟啉-多肽的超分子组装体系的研究受到了国内外学者的广泛关注,已成为超分子化学、生物材料科学研究的前沿领域之一。卟啉-多肽超分子组装体系因具有结构和功能多样化以及良好的生物相容性等优点,在生物传感、药物治疗、分子识别和光电器件等方面展示出巨大的应用潜力。文章综述了卟啉和多肽超分子构筑模块的分子结构设计、组装体的形貌调控、组装体应用3个方面的主要研究进展,介绍了卟啉与多肽分子之间的主要非共价作用方式,包括分子间静电相互作用、氢键、配位键、亲水/疏水性等,分析了该领域当前研究的焦点及亟需解决的问题。     

Materials Chemistry of Nanoultrasonic Biomedicine

As a special cross‐disciplinary research frontier, nanoultrasonic biomedicine refers to the design and synthesis of nanomaterials to solve some critical issues of ultrasound (US)‐based biomedicine. The concept of nanoultrasonic biomedicine can also overcome the drawbacks of traditional microbubbles and promote the generation of novel US‐based contrast agents or synergistic agents for US theranostics. Here, we discuss the recent developments of material chemistry in advancing the nanoultrasonic biomedicine for diverse US‐based bio‐applications. We initially introduce the design principles of novel nanoplatforms for serving the nanoultrasonic biomedicine, from the viewpoint of synthetic material chemistry. Based on these principles and diverse US‐based bio‐application backgrounds, the representative proof‐of‐concept paradigms on this topic are clarified in detail, including nanodroplet vaporization for intelligent/responsive US imaging, multifunctional nano‐contrast agents for US‐based multi‐modality imaging, activatable synergistic agents for US‐based therapy, US‐triggered on‐demand drug releasing, US‐enhanced gene transfection, US‐based synergistic therapy on combating the cancer and potential toxicity issue of screening various nanosystems suitable for nanoultrasonic biomedicine. It is highly expected that this novel nanoultrasonic biomedicine and corresponding high performance in US imaging and therapy can significantly promote the generation of new sub‐discipline of US‐based biomedicine by rationally integrating material chemistry and theranostic nanomedicine with clinical US‐based biomedicine.     

Microfluidic Platforms toward Rational Material Fabrication for Biomedical Applications

The emergence of micro/nanomaterials in recent decades has brought promising alternative approaches in various biomedicine‐related fields such as pharmaceutics, diagnostics, and therapeutics. These micro/nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications shall possess tailored properties and functionalities that are closely correlated to their geometries, structures, and compositions, therefore placing extremely high demands for manufacturing techniques. Owing to the superior capabilities in manipulating fluids and droplets at microscale, microfluidics has offered robust and versatile platform technologies enabling rational design and fabrication of micro/nanomaterials with precisely controlled geometries, structures and compositions in high throughput manners, making them excellent candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. This review briefly summarizes the progress of microfluidics in the fabrication of various micro/nanomaterials ranging from 0D (particles), 1D (fibers) to 2D/3D (film and bulk materials) materials with controllable geometries, structures, and compositions. The applications of these microfluidic‐based materials in the fields of diagnostics, drug delivery, organs‐on‐chips, tissue engineering, and stimuli‐responsive biodevices are introduced. Finally, an outlook is discussed on the future direction of microfluidic platforms for generating materials with superior properties and on‐demand functionalities. The integration of new materials and techniques with microfluidics will pave new avenues for preparing advanced micro/nanomaterials with enhanced performance for biomedical applications.     

Metal–Organic Frameworks for Biomedical Applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an interesting and useful class of coordination polymers, constructed from metal ion/cluster nodes and functional organic ligands through coordination bonds, and have attracted extensive research interest during the past decades. Due to the unique features of diverse compositions, facile synthesis, easy surface functionalization, high surface areas, adjustable porosity, and tunable biocompatibility, MOFs have been widely used in hydrogen/methane storage, catalysis, biological imaging and sensing, drug delivery, desalination, gas separation, magnetic and electronic devices, nonlinear optics, water vapor capture, etc. Notably, with the rapid development of synthetic methods and surface functionalization strategies, smart MOF‐based nanocomposites with advanced bio‐related properties have been designed and fabricated to meet the growing demands of MOF materials for biomedical applications. This work outlines the synthesis and functionalization and the recent advances of MOFs in biomedical fields, including cargo (drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, and dyes) delivery for cancer therapy, bioimaging, antimicrobial, biosensing, and biocatalysis. The prospects and challenges in the field of MOF‐based biomedical materials are also discussed.