大鼠C6脑胶质细胞移植瘤肿瘤模型动态生长核磁共振表现

目的: 建立大鼠C6脑胶质瘤模型。在不同时段以磁共振平扫、增强扫描、DWI和MRS多种技术对大鼠脑组织进行扫描成像分析, 动态观察接种后大鼠脑组织内胶质瘤的生长情况, 测量肿瘤体积变化, 细胞的凋亡情况以及肿瘤细胞密集区域, 无创性检测活体组织器官能量代谢、生化改变和特定化合物定量分析。建立大鼠C6脑胶质瘤模型MRI肿瘤动态生长数据库。方法: 建立大鼠C6脑胶质瘤模型。大鼠接种C6脑胶质瘤细胞的不同时段(接种前、接种后第7天、第14天、第21天)在活体无创状态下, 在不同时段分别运用MRI常规、增强扫描, DWI和MRS多种技术对大鼠脑组织进行扫描成像分析, 建立大鼠C6脑胶质瘤模型MRI肿瘤动态生长数据库, 最后将大鼠处死取脑组织进行肉眼、病理和电镜验证。结果: 肿瘤体积生长第14天与第7天均值比是5.010 0±0.450 0倍, 第21天与7天均值比是17.990 0±0.910 0倍, 解剖肉眼、病理、电镜均可见肿瘤及肿瘤细胞。正常脑组织DWI弥散成像ADC值测定, 平均值(B＝1 000)420.183 3±75.598 0)明显低于各时间肿瘤组, 接种肿瘤后7、14、21天ADC均值为738.598 0±219.568 0、660.645 0±105.322 0、551.366 7±103.578 0均高于正常脑组织, ADC均值T检验正常脑组织与7天及14天肿瘤组比, P值＜0.05, 有显著差异。 肿瘤生长的第14、21天ADC值不断的降低。大鼠C6脑胶质瘤移植瘤模型接种不同时间MRS测定cho/NAA均值, 正常脑在第1、7、14、21天在0.5左右, 而接种后的大鼠C6脑胶质瘤7、14、21天测定cho/NAA均值为5.532 0±4.066 4、6.560 0±3.440 0、8.938 0±4.079 4, 随着肿瘤的长大比值均值在不断加大。结论: 磁共振平扫、增强扫描、DWI和MRS多种技术对大鼠脑组织进行扫描成像分析, 能在无创情况下动态观察接种后大鼠脑组织内胶质瘤的生长情况, 测量肿瘤体积变化, 细胞的凋亡情况以及肿瘤细胞密集区域, 无创性检测活体组织器官能量代谢、生化改变和特定化合物定量分析。     

HPPH光动力学治疗大鼠C6脑胶质瘤实验研究的磁共振弥散成像DWI的表现

目的: 研究不同剂量新型叶绿素光敏剂HPPH光动力学疗法治疗大鼠C6脑胶质细胞移植瘤模型, 无创观察磁共振波谱技术(DWI)变化、评价疗效及选择光敏剂HPPH最佳治疗剂量并与常规光敏剂血卟啉衍化物(HPD)光动力学治疗及对照组作对比。方法: 建立大鼠C 6脑胶质瘤移植瘤模型, 以不同剂量新型叶绿素光敏剂HPPH(0.15、0.3、0.45 mg/kg)光动力学治疗, 尾静脉注药后18 h, 以波长667 nm激光照射大鼠脑肿瘤, 照射功率密度200 mW/cm2, 照射时间20 min, 能量密度240 J/cm2, 于治疗前、治疗后7、14天(P0、P7、P14), 即肿瘤接种后第7、14、21天(T7、T14、T21天),以磁共振平扫、增强扫描及弥散技术(DWI)无创测定肿瘤大小及ADC值。并与HPD-PDT、正常脑、对照组(未治疗、单注药、单照激光)肿瘤组的ADC值作对比。最后以病理验证。结果: ADC均值正常脑在406.01±53.59-436.25±50.23间, 未治疗脑肿瘤组均值T7天、T14天、T21天分别为738±219.57、 660.65±105.32、551.37±103.58, 由于肿瘤长大, 肿瘤细胞数的增加使弥散成像ADC值下降。各单注药、单激光对照组的变化同未治疗空白组规律相似。T检验, 各未光动力学治疗对照组间比P值＞0.05无明显差异, 与正常脑比P值＜0.05有显著差异。光动力学治疗组P0组与未治疗对照组相似ADC均值在609.78～705.96之间; P7天, ADC均值由于治疗后脑组织的水肿均有升高, 以HPPH0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT组均值上升较多(782.2±95.6、779.01±291.1),其次HPPH 0.15 mg/kg-PDT组(765.22±110.13), HPD-PDT组降低一些(644.13±94.17); P14天, ADC均值明显下降, 由于肿瘤细胞光动力学治疗后的凋亡、死亡,ADC均值下降, HPPH0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT组435.86±46.04、429.34±70.05接近正常脑值;HPPH 0.15 mg/kg-PDT组稍高619.98±93.49, HPD-PDT组550.13±94.48, 这两组由于肿瘤细胞的凋亡死亡较差, 有较多的肿瘤细胞存在, 影响弥散值, HPPH0.15mg/kg-PDT组ADC值高于HPD-PDT组, 肿瘤细胞较后者少。各组ADC值T检验, 光动力学治疗组间HPPH0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT两组比P＞0.05无显著差别, 上两组与HPPH0.15 mg/kg-PDT、HPD5 mg/kg-PDT, P值＜0.05有显著的差别, 与正常脑比P值＞0.05无显著差异, 与未光动力学治疗对照组比P值＜0.05有显著差别;HPPH 0.15mg/kg-PDT、HPD5 mg/kg-PDT二组间比, P值＞0.05无显著差别, 上两组与正常脑比, P值＜0.05有显著差异, 与未光动力学治疗对照组比, P值＞0.05无显著差别。以磁共振增强测定各组肿瘤体积, P14/、P0 HPPH0.15、0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT组、HPD5 mg/kg-PDT组均值为4.43±4.8、0.37±0.25、0.71±0.42、8.31±1.56;对照组T21/T7单注药HPPH0.45 mg/kg组, 单注药HPD5 mg/kg组、单670 nm激光照射组、单630 nm激光照射组、未治疗肿瘤组为17.01±0.36、16.66±0.31、18.37±0.47、17.66±0.04、20.24±1.75. 大鼠脑接种肿瘤第21天病理表现正常脑组织仅见神经元细胞及胶质细胞;而接种C6胶质细胞瘤后大鼠脑可见大片密集成巢状生长, 色深、大小不一、有核分裂的肿瘤细胞, 随着肿瘤生长时间的增加, 肿瘤细胞的密度加大。未光动力学治疗组的病理表现与上相同。光动力治疗后可见肿瘤细胞变性、色变淡、细胞密度减少, 脑组织水肿及毛细血管扩张, 程度与光敏剂HPPH的剂量有关, HPPH 0.15 mg/kg-PDT较差一些、而HPPH 0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT 较明显、有的只有少量的肿瘤细胞, 仅可见正常脑神经元细胞及胶质细胞;而HPD-PDT后的脑肿瘤细胞变性程度较HPPH-PDT更差一些, 标本中仍可见较多的肿瘤细胞。结论: 磁共振增强、DWI技术能在无创情况下动态观察接种C6脑胶质瘤后大鼠脑组织内胶质瘤的生长情况, 了解肿瘤细胞的凋亡情况以及肿瘤细胞密集区域, 测量肿瘤肿块大小。 HPPH-PDT能治疗大鼠C6脑胶质瘤移植瘤, 光敏剂剂量以 HPPH 0.30 mg/kg较佳。HPPH-PDT疗效优于HPD-PDT。     

Investigation of the mechanisms of improved oral bioavailability of bergenin using bergenin–phospholipid complex

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the detailed mechanisms of oral absorption enhancement of bergenin (BN) using BN–phospholipid complex (BPC).

Methods: Multiple models such as ex vivo everted rat gut sac model and in vitro Caco-2 cell model were used. Meanwhile, the effect of chitosan on the enhancement of the permeability of BPC was evaluated.

Results: The limited absorption of BN was significantly improved in both ex vivo everted rat gut sac model and in vitro Caco-2 cell model when combined with phospholipid. The transport of BPC was uppermost 5.19-fold higher than that of BN. The results of ex vivo everted rat gut sac model showed that small intestine was a more suitable site for the absorption of BN and BPC than colon. Passive diffusion was the only way employed in the transport of BN, while BPC could transport across enterocytes by both passive diffusion and active transport which was found to be the clathrine-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. The absorption of BN was barely improved by the physical mixture of BN and phospholipid due to lack of stable intermolecular interactions. Moreover, the addition of chitosan could open the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells, thus significantly increasing the transport of BPC via paracellular route.

Conclusions: Totally different mechanisms, which led to the enhanced oral bioavailability, were utilized in the uptake and transport process of BPC compared with BN. These results would be of significance for the future development of oral delivery systems of BN.     

Mass Production Method for Rice Protein Isolate and Nutritional Evaluation

We developed a method for mass production of rice protein isolate (RPI) and evaluated its nutritional quality in rats. To obtain thick slurry, rice flour was mixed with a 0.6% Termamyl 120L-solution (1:2, w/v) at room temperature (～23°C). The slurry was heated at 97°C for 2 hr with stirring. Gelatinization and liquefaction occurred simultaneously. RPI obtained by filtration and washing with boiling water, was more than 90% pure protein (dry matter basis). It also contained 6.4% dietary fiber, 1.3% ash, and 1.1% carbohydrate. RPI diets (40–50%) allowed the maximum growth in rats comparable to that with 25% casein diet.     

Induction of immune tolerance with heart-thymus composite allotransplantation in rats

Objective To study on the role of thymus transplantation for heart allograft in rats. Methods Vascularized heart-thymus combined transplantation was performed with microsurgical technique. Graft survival, histopathology, level of IL-2, IL-4 and its mRNA expression in serum and cardiac grafts were investigated. Results Heart-thymus combined transplantation achieved effect in the prolongation of cardiac graft survival with short-term administration of cyclosporine. Conclusions Vascularized thymus transplantation induced immune tolerance in thymectomized rats.     

Associative activation of stimulus representations restores lost salience: Implications for perceptual learning.

In 3 experiments, rats received preexposure to presentations of a compound flavor BX. The effective salience of B was then tested by assessing its ability to interfere with the aversion controlled by another flavor or the tendency to drink a saline solution after the induction of a salt need. It was found that the effective salience of B was maintained when during preexposure, presentations of BX alternated with presentations of X alone. This was true both when BX was presented as a simultaneous compound (Experiment 1) and as a serial compound (X→B; Experiments 2 and 3); salience was not maintained when the serial compound took the form B→X (Experiments 2 and 3a). It was argued that the salience of B declines during preexposure but is restored when presentations of X are able to activate the representation of B by way of the associative X-B link. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lipid-Lowering Effect of Eriocitrin, the Main Flavonoid in Lemon Fruit, in Rats on a High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet

ABSTRACT:  Eriocitrin (eriodictyol 7- O -β-rutinoside) is the main flavonoid in lemon fruit. In this study, eriocitrin was investigated for its lowering effect on serum and hepatic lipids in high-fat and high-cholesterol fed rats. Rats in the control group ( N = 6) were fed a 20% lard and 1% cholesterol diet for 21 d, and rats in the 0.35% eriocitrin group ( N = 6) and 0.70% eriocitrin group ( N = 6) were fed a diet supplemented with eriocitrin 0.35% and 0.70%, respectively. The content of hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride in the eriocitrin group was no different from that of the control group. The total cholesterol, VLDL+LDL, triglyceride, and phospholipid in the serum of the 0.35% eriocitrin group showed significantly lower concentrations than the control group ( P < 0.05), although there was no difference in the HDL concentrations among the groups. The lowering effect of eriocitrin for serum total cholesterol was thought to be caused by a decrease in VLDL+LDL. The 0.35% eriocitrin group was shown to have a significant increase in excretion of fecal bile acid ( P < 0.05) and a tendency for enhanced hepatic m-RNA levels of LDL receptor in comparison with the control group.     

Long-term functional outcome following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: Correlation between brain damage and behavioral impairment.

The assessment of both histological and functional long-term outcomes after cerebral ischemia is increasingly recommended for preclinical studies. Whereas correlations between behavioral impairments and primary ischemic lesion are documented, little is known about their relationships with remote nonischemic regions that undergo secondary degeneration, such as the thalamus. Anesthetized rats were subjected to mild (30 min) or severe (60 min) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Two months after ischemia, sensorimotor behavior was assessed according to the neurological score, limb-placing, adhesive-removal, and staircase tests; the final histological lesion was measured after this assessment. Cortical damage was correlated to all transient and long-lasting sensorimotor deficits, whereas striatal lesion was more consistently reflected by the forelimb-placing reflexes and adhesive-removal motor deficits. By contrast, the thalamic atrophy was not correlated to early neurological impairment, but rather to the late sensory deficit at the adhesive-removal test and to the skilled forepaw reaching alteration at the staircase test. This suggests that thalamus contributes, albeit moderately, to the ischemia-induced long-lasting sensorimotor deficits, some of which represent relevant targets for therapeutic interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An oxytocin antagonist infused into the central nucleus of the amygdala increases maternal aggressive behavior.

Decreased oxytocin levels in the amygdalas of rat dams following chronic gestational cocaine exposure have been correlated with heightened maternal aggressive behavior. In this experiment, drug-naive dams were implanted with bilateral cannulas into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) or control area and infused with 1,000 or 500 ng of an oxytocin antagonist (OTA) or buffer, 4 hr before testing. Behavior was compared among dams infused with OTA into target areas just outside the CNA and cocaine-treated dams (infused with buffer). Dams infused with 1,000 ng OTA attacked intruders significantly more often than buffer-infused dams. OTA did not affect other behaviors, suggesting that disruption of oxytocin activity in the CNA may be sufficient to selectively alter maternal aggressive behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A longitudinal study of short- and long-term activity levels in male and female spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto, and Sprague-Dawley rats.

The pattern of locomotor activity across development was assessed in male and female spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Open field activity did not indicate hyperactivity in the SHR. Instead, the SD strain was generally more active. Strains and sexes did not differ in open-field locomotor response to drug challenges. When short-term (10-12 min) activity in different apparatuses was compared, the SD were most active in the open field, the SHR in the residential figure-eight maze, and the WKY in the running wheel. Long-term tests indicated hyperactivity in the SHR in the residential figure-eight maze and hypoactivity in the SD in the running wheels. Until such strain differences in activity are thoroughly defined, the use of the SHR as a model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is limited. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)