PLA和PE包装袋对西兰花贮藏品质的影响

目的考察聚乳酸(PLA)与聚乙烯(PE)袋对西兰花贮藏品质的影响。方法利用透氧仪和透湿仪对市售的PLA和PE膜进行阻隔性测试,并采用该PLA和PE袋包装西兰花,利用色度计和顶空分析仪研究室温和冷藏条件下2种包装袋对西兰花保鲜效果的影响。结果 PLA膜的透湿系数和透氧系数分别为1.241×10-13 g·cm/(cm2·s·Pa)和5.07×10-10 m L·cm/(m2·s·Pa),PE膜的透湿系数和透氧系数分别为1.125×10-14 g·cm/(cm2·s·Pa)和2.87×10-10 m L·cm/(m2·s·Pa)。随着贮藏时间的延长,西兰花的色度由绿变红,由蓝变黄,明度由黑变白;袋中O2气氛浓度先减少后增加,CO2浓度先上升后下降。结论 PLA膜的透湿性和透氧性高于PE膜,冷藏条件下,PLA比PE袋能更有效地抑制西兰花的呼吸作用。     

CO2对模拟运输条件下西兰花品质和贮藏特性的影响

目的为了研究添加CO_2生成剂对西兰花运输过程中花球品质和代谢特性的影响,以及筛选西兰花运输过程中适宜的CO_2浓度。方法以西兰花为实验材料,研究不同浓度CO_2(二氧化碳生成剂)对西兰花花球采后模拟运输条件下生理特性和品质的影响。结果保持较低体积分数(3%和6%)的CO_2能较好地抑制西兰花采后运输条件下的呼吸强度,延缓乙烯释放量增加的时间和速率,抑制花球叶绿素的降解,保持花球的颜色,同时降低了西兰花在运输期间的腐烂指数。通过进一步的研究结果表明,经体积分数为3%CO_2处理后延缓了货架期间花球中丙二醛(MDA)含量的升高速率,添加一定浓度的CO_2(3%)后通过诱导过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)的活性,提高了西兰花组织内部活性氧的清除能力,从而保持了花球的品质。添加较高浓度(9%和12%)的CO_2在运输前期(前3 d)具有较好的保鲜效果,之后反而会促进花球的代谢速率(呼吸强度和乙烯生成量),从而加速了花球的黄化及腐烂,表现出被伤害的症状。结论运输前在包装内加入可产生体积分数3%CO_2的生成剂能较好地降低西兰花常温运输期间的代谢水平,保持花球品质,从而延长了运输时间。     

气介式超声强化西兰花热风干燥过程中硫苷分解代谢途径相关物质的变化

为探究气介式超声对西兰花热风干燥过程中硫苷分解代谢的影响，本文研究了西兰花小花球在气介式超声联合热风干燥（20 kHz，60 ℃，125.2和180.1 W/dm2）过程中的干燥特性以及硫苷、萝卜硫素、抗坏血酸、Fe2+和酚酸含量以及黑芥子酶、体外抗氧化活性的变化规律。结果表明:相比于单独热风干燥，超声处理不仅可以加快干燥进程（125.2和180.1 W/dm2超声处理下干燥时间分别比单独热风干燥缩短11.1%和17.8%），同时，超声联合热风干燥过程中3-吲哚甲基硫苷含量增加且黑芥子酶活力增强。180.1 W/dm2气介式超声联合热风干燥终点样品中3-吲哚甲基硫苷、萝卜硫素含量和黑芥子酶活力分别比单独热风干燥终点的样品高出10.7%、26.0%和15.2%，Fe2+含量比单独热风干燥终点的样品低8.1%，表明超声处理减少了Fe2+对硫苷酶促降解的干扰，能够促进4-甲基硫氧丁基硫苷降解形成萝卜硫素，但超声处理对西兰花干燥过程中抗坏血酸含量、游离酚酸含量和体外抗氧化活性变化影响不明显。本研究表明气介式超声联合热风干燥既能加快西兰花干燥进程，又能促进4-甲基硫氧丁基硫苷的转化，并对生物活性成分具有一定的保护作用。     

Physiochemical and nutritional characteristics,bioaccessibility and sensory acceptance of baked crackers containing broccoli co-products

The effects of the inclusion of broccoli co-products into crackers on the bioaccessibility as well as their overall physical and nutritional quality were evaluated. Crackers were formulated using a 12.5 or 15.0% flour substitution level. Broccoli-containing crackers presented higher specific volume and spread ratio and lower weight and specific volume than control crackers (P < 0.05). Crackers containing broccoli co-products showed an increased green hue and a higher colour intensity (P < 0.05). Incorporation of broccoli co-products into crackers significantly increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). A simulated gastrointestinal digestion suggested that the amount of phenolic and antioxidant compounds released during digestion might be higher than what could be expected from common water-organic extracts. The incorporation of broccoli co-products into baked crackers would not only reduce the amount of food discarded as waste but also promote health and open novel commercial opportunities to food processors.     

西兰花干燥过程中还原型V_C与氧化型V_C的变化

研究西兰花脱水加工过程中还原型VC和氧化型VC的变化。结果表明:经过蒸汽热烫的西兰花,其还原型VC和氧化型VC的保存率高于热水热烫的保存率,其中80℃蒸汽热烫处理2min效果最好;热烫后冰水冷却的西兰花还原型VC和氧化型VC保存率高于自然冷却;真空冷冻干燥能将西兰花中还原型VC和氧化型VC最大程度的保留。西兰花脱水加工过程中氧化型VC的保存率高于还原型VC,说明西兰花中的还原型VC更易被破坏。     

Influence of cut type on quality,antioxidant substances and antioxidant activity of fresh-cut broccoli

In order to clarify an efficient and convenient method to increase the antioxidant activity in broccoli, this study intended primarily to elucidate the effect of cutting type on the quality parameters, antioxidant substance contents and antioxidant activity of broccoli using different floret diameters of 10 × 10 cm (CS1), 5 × 5 cm (CS2), 2.5 × 2.5 cm (CS3) and shredded florets (CS4). The results showed that chlorophyll, total soluble solid, vitamin C and reduced glutathione contents of fresh-cut broccoli were decreased obviously during the storage. However, there was a significant influence of cutting type on the enzymatic activities involved in phenolic synthesis and oxidation including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, and polyphenol oxidase, which contributed to increasing phenolic content by 26.8%, 30.9%, 46.0%, and 51.3% in CS1, CS2, CS3 and CS4, respectively, and further enhanced the antioxidant activity by more than 60% in fresh-cut broccoli. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, were increased significantly in fresh-cut broccoli. In conclusion, the cutting types had no significant effect on quality but clearly influenced the antioxidant substances and activities of broccoli; therefore, this study provided an efficient and convenient method to enhance the potential nutritional value of broccoli.     

Effectiveness of edible coatings combined with mild heat shocks on microbial spoilage and sensory quality of fresh cut broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.)

The use of edible coatings and mild heat shocks is proposed as postharvest treatments to prevent microbial deterioration of refrigerated broccoli. Minimally processed broccoli was coated with either chitosan or carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) combined or not with a previous application of a mild heat shock. The evolution of microbial populations (mesophilic, psycrotrophic, Enterobacteriaceae, molds and yeast, and lactic acid bacteria) was studied during 20 d of storage and fitted to Gompertz and logistic models. Results revealed that, at the end of the storage, chitosan coating significantly reduced all microbiological population counts, except lactic acid bacteria; while higher reduction was observed with chitosan coating combined with a heat shock treatment. A significant delay at the beginning of the exponential phase was observed for all the bacterial populations analyzed. On the other hand, CMC coating, with and without a previous thermal treatment, did not exert any antibacterial effect. Excellent agreement was found between experimental microbial counts and predicted values obtained from Gompertz and logistic models. Kinetic modeling was found to be valuable for prediction of microbiological shelf life of broccoli during storage. Results showed that the application of chitosan coating effectively maintained microbiological quality and extended shelf life of minimally processed broccoli. According to these results, the use of the edible chitosan coating alone or in combination with a heat mild shock appear to be a viable alternative for controlling microbiological growth and sensory attributes in minimally processed broccoli. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The continuous consumer interest in high quality and food safety, combined with environmental concern has induced to the development and study of edible coatings that avoid the use of synthetic materials. The edible coatings, formed from generally recognized as safe materials, have the potential to reduce weight loss, respiration rate, and improve food appearance and integrity. It is one of the most effective methods to maintain food quality. On the other hand, heat treatments have been demonstrated to be effective as a nonchemical means of improving postharvest quality for a variety of horticultural products. The applications of mild heat shocks combined with edible coatings constitute an alternative for the natural preservation of crops for which the use of synthetic chemicals is objectionable.     

Retention of Phytochemicals in Fresh and Processed Broccoli

Our objective was to determine whether steam blanching, storage and preparation affected concentrations of sulforaphane (SF), sulforaphane nitrile (SFN), cyanohydroxybutene (CHB), iberin (I) or iberin nitrile (IN) in fresh and frozen broccoli. Broccoli (var. “Arcadia”) was grown in St. Charles, IL over three seasons. Samples were steam blanched (2 min at 93 ± 5°C) within 24h of harvest, frozen and stored at ?20°C up to 90 days, and fresh broccoli was stored at 4°C up to 21 days. Samples were analyzed uncooked or microwave cooked. SF, SFN, I, IN and CHB were determined by GC in dichloromethane extracts from lyophilized samples. Rates of loss for CHB and SF were similar during storage of fresh broccoli. Blanching, storage, and microwave cooking decreased (p < 0.01) concentrations of each compound in fresh and frozen broccoli.     

预冷处理结合低温贮藏对西兰花贮藏品质的影响

为探讨预冷处理结合低温贮藏（0 ± 1）℃对西兰花贮藏品质的影响,以“苏青”6号西兰花试验材料,定期感官评定及测定呼吸强度、色差、叶绿素含量、叶绿素酶活性、V_C含量、总硫代葡萄糖苷含量、异硫氰酸酯含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物活性以及丙二醛含量。结果显示,预冷处理结合低温贮藏西兰花,可有效延缓其黄化,保持较低的呼吸强度和较高的维生素C、叶绿素、游离酚、硫代葡萄糖苷和异硫氰酸酯含量,其中异硫氰酸酯含量在第31 d达241.41 mg/100 g·FW;有效保持较高的APX、CAT活性以及DPPH自由基清除能力,有效抑制POD和叶绿素酶活性,降低丙二醛含量。相关性分析显示:西兰花的叶绿素含量与叶绿素酶活性呈极负显著（P<0.01）相关,与POD活性显著（P<0.05）负相关;硫代葡萄糖苷、异硫氰酸酯含量与MDA含量呈显著（P<0.05）负相关。主成分分析结果显示:叶绿素含量、CAT活性、总硫代葡萄糖苷含量、叶绿素酶活性、呼吸强度和丙二醛含量可作为评价西兰花品质特性的关键指标。本研究可为西兰花的保鲜研究提供理论依据。